[615] In Poland, the Soviets merged various socialist parties into the Polish United Workers' Party, and vote rigging was used to ensure that it secured office. [719] The socio-economic nature of Stalin's Soviet Union has also been much debated, varyingly being labelled a form of state socialism, state capitalism, bureaucratic collectivism, or a totally unique mode of production. [881] Montefiore argued that while Stalin initially ruled as part of a Communist Party oligarchy, the Soviet government transformed from this oligarchy into a personal dictatorship in 1934,[882] with Stalin only becoming "absolute dictator" between March and June 1937, when senior military and NKVD figures were eliminated. Stalin is too crude, and this defect which is entirely acceptable in our milieu and in relationships among us as communists, becomes unacceptable in the position of General Secretary. [251] For Lenin, it was advantageous to have a key ally in this crucial post.[252]. Stalin was officially the leader of the Communist party, but to many in the Party, he was only a figurehead. [924] He remains a revered figure among many Russian nationalists, who feel nostalgic about the Soviet victory over Nazi Germany in World War II,[925] and he is regularly invoked approvingly within both Russia's far-left and far-right. [937] In December 2010, unknown persons decapitated it and it was destroyed in a bomb attack in 2011. [200] Lenin eventually convinced the other senior Bolsheviks of his viewpoint, resulting in signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918. [198] Stalin supported Lenin's desire to sign an armistice with the Central Powers regardless of the cost in territory. [862] One of them, Konstantin Kuzakov, later taught philosophy at the Leningrad Military Mechanical Institute, but never met Stalin. The U.S. also offered financial assistance to countries as part of the Marshall Plan on the condition that they opened their markets to trade, aware that the Soviets would never agree. [551], Stalin attended the Potsdam Conference in JulyAugust 1945, alongside his new British and U.S. counterparts, Prime Minister Clement Attlee and President Harry Truman. [334] Although he and Stalin had been close for many years,[335] Bukharin expressed concerns about these policies; he regarded them as a return to Lenin's old "war communism" policy and believed that it would fail. [337], Officially, the Soviet Union had replaced the "irrationality" and "wastefulness" of a market economy with a planned economy organised along a long-term, precise, and scientific framework; in reality, Soviet economics were based on ad hoc commandments issued from the centre, often to make short-term targets. [888], McDermott nevertheless cautioned against "over-simplistic stereotypes"promoted in the fiction of writers like Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Vasily Grossman, and Anatoly Rybakovthat portrayed Stalin as an omnipotent and omnipresent tyrant who controlled every aspect of Soviet life through repression and totalitarianism. [596] Stalin also tried to maximise Soviet influence on the world stage, unsuccessfully pushing for Libyarecently liberated from Italian occupationto become a Soviet protectorate. [89] Lenin and Stalin disagreed with this decision[90] and later privately discussed how they could continue the robberies for the Bolshevik cause. He had to share power with a collection of other Soviet leaders, including Trotsky, Zinoviev, and Kamenev. [434] In May, this was followed by the arrest of most members of the military Supreme Command and mass arrests throughout the military, often on fabricated charges. [542], In April 1945, the Red Army seized Berlin, Hitler committed suicide, and Germany surrendered in May. [926], Polling by the Levada Center suggest Stalin's popularity has grown since 2015, with 46% of Russians expressing a favourable view of him in 2017 and 51% in 2019. [470] One of the most noted instances was the Katyn massacre of April and May 1940, in which around 22,000 members of the Polish armed forces, police, and intelligentsia were executed. [97] There, Mensheviks confronted Stalin about the robbery and voted to expel him from the RSDLP, but he took no notice of them. [859] There are unproven rumours that from 1934 onward he had a relationship with his housekeeper Valentina Istomina. [306], In 1926, Stalin published On Questions of Leninism. [160] There, Stalin and a fellow Bolshevik Lev Kamenev assumed control of Pravda,[161] and Stalin was appointed the Bolshevik representative to the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet, an influential council of the city's workers. 2 I therefore propose to comrades that they should devise a means of removing him from this job and should appoint to this job someone else who is distinguished from comrade Stalin in all other respects only by the single superior aspect that he should be more tolerant, more polite and more attentive towards comrades, less capricious, etc. [711] Although retaining the Marxist belief that the state would wither away as socialism transformed into pure communism, he believed that the Soviet state would remain until the final defeat of international capitalism. [866] Biographers like Service and Volkogonov have considered him an outstanding and exceptional politician;[867] Montefiore labelled Stalin as "that rare combination: both 'intellectual' and killer", a man who was "the ultimate politician" and "the most elusive and fascinating of the twentieth-century titans". Answer: No. He also placed a ban on factionalism and branded all opposition as traitorous. [870] Service suggested that the country might have collapsed long before 1991 without Stalin. Stalin allowed the Russian Orthodox Church to retain the churches it had opened during the war. [315], In early 1928 Stalin travelled to Novosibirsk, where he alleged that kulaks were hoarding their grain and ordered that the kulaks be arrested and their grain confiscated, with Stalin bringing much of the area's grain back to Moscow with him in February. "Today someone is lamenting that the name of Tamil Nadu should not be used. [645] The amount of written material that he produced also declined. Initially governing the country as part of a collective leadership, he consolidated power to become a dictator by the 1930s. [808] Lenin was his favourite author but he also read, and sometimes appreciated, a great deal of writing by Leon Trotsky and other arch-enemies. Updated on September 12, 2019 After his death in 1953, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin's remains were embalmed and put on display next to those of Vladimir Lenin. [542] After receiving a complaint about this from Yugoslav communist Milovan Djilas, Stalin asked how after experiencing the traumas of war a soldier could "react normally? [389] Stalin blamed the famine on hostile elements and sabotage within the peasantry;[390] his government provided small amounts of food to famine-struck rural areas, although this was wholly insufficient to deal with the levels of starvation. We must close that gap in ten years. [820] People who knew him, such as Khrushchev, suggested he long harboured negative sentiments toward Jews,[821] and it has been argued that anti-Semitic trends in his policies were further fuelled by Stalin's struggle against Trotsky. 1922 (29th December) The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was created. This article reassesses Stalin's attempts to construct legitimacy through the development of a 'cult of personality', built through an overt co-option of the charismatic authority generated by Lenin's revolutionary leadership. Well, no. [629] He was further angered by Israel's growing alliance with the U.S.[630] After Stalin fell out with Israel, he launched an anti-Jewish campaign within the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc. [626] Stalin wanted to avoid direct Soviet conflict with the U.S., convincing the Chinese to aid the North. As a result of his Five-Year Plans, the country underwent agricultural collectivisation and rapid industrialisation, creating a centralised command economy. [231], In mid-August 1920, the Poles repulsed the Russian advance, and Stalin returned to Moscow to attend the Politburo meeting. [271] During the 13th Party Congress in May 1924, "Lenin's Testament" was read only to the leaders of the provincial delegations. [692] Service argued that Stalin's Marxism was imbued with a great deal of Russian nationalism. [296] In October 1927, Zinoviev and Trotsky were removed from the Central Committee;[297] the latter was exiled to Kazakhstan and later deported from the country in 1929. These reasons build to why Stalin emerged as leader of the USSR by 1929. Together, the trio laid down the foundation for the Soviet Union. Using the idea of collective responsibility as a basis, Stalin's government abolished their autonomous republics and between late 1943 and 1944 deported the majority of their populations to Central Asia and Siberia. [702] After Lenin's death, Stalin relied heavily on Lenin's writingsfar more so than those of Marx and Engelsto guide him in the affairs of state. Stalin in fact respected and liked when this happened. [195] The decree's purpose was primarily strategic; the Bolsheviks wanted to gain favour among ethnic minorities but hoped that the latter would not actually desire independence. [561] In 1947, it brought out a second edition of his official biography, which eulogised him to a greater extent than its predecessor. [122] The new newspaper was launched in April 1912,[123] although Stalin's role as editor was kept secret. [600] He erroneously claimed that the initial German advance in the early part of the war was not a result of Soviet military weakness, but rather a deliberate Soviet strategic retreat. [55] He found employment at the Rothschild refinery storehouse, where he co-organised two workers' strikes. ", "Record 70 Percent of Russians Say Stalin Played a Positive Role in Their Country's History", "In Russia, Nostalgia for USSR and Positive Feelings about Stalin", "Giant new Russian cathedral glorifies Putin and Stalin in mosaics", "Perspective Putin's dangerous campaign to rehabilitate Stalin", "Siberian Pensioner Is Grandson of Josef Stalin, DNA Test Reveals", "Stalin's Approval Rating Among Russians Hits Record High Poll", "Positive Views of Stalin among Russian Reach 16-year High, Poll Shows", "Ukraine Stands by Its View of Stalin as Villain President (Update 1)", "Wall of Grief: Putin Opens First Soviet Victims Memorial", "Why So Many Russian like Dictator Stalin", "Why did the USSR help to create Israel, but then became its foe", "Do Stalina pozytyvno stavlyatsya menshe 1/5 ukrayintsiv", " . . ", "A Tale of "Two Totalitarianisms": The Crisis of Capitalism and the Historical Memory of Communism", "Natural Disaster and Human Actions in the Soviet Famine of 19311933", "Victims of Stalinism and the Soviet Secret Police: The Comparability and Reliability of the Archival Data. [192] He took Nadezhda Alliluyeva as his secretary[193] and at some point married her, although the wedding date is unknown. [725] According to Montefiore, despite Stalin's affinity for Russia and Russians, he remained profoundly Georgian in his lifestyle and personality. Around 40 people were killed, but all of his gang escaped alive. [203], After the Bolsheviks seized power, both right and left-wing armies rallied against them, generating the Russian Civil War. [449], As a MarxistLeninist, Stalin considered conflict between competing capitalist powers inevitable; after Nazi Germany annexed Austria and then part of Czechoslovakia in 1938, he recognised a war was looming. [187] He co-signed Lenin's decrees shutting down hostile newspapers,[188] and along with Sverdlov, he chaired the sessions of the committee drafting a constitution for the new Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Some might say he was a good. [14] Ekaterine and Stalin left the home by 1883 and began a wandering life, moving through nine different rented rooms over the next decade. [438], Stalin initiated all key decisions during the Terror, personally directing many of its operations and taking an interest in their implementation. Initially, Lenin's death was blamed on a series of strokes. [612], Stalin suggested that a unified, but demilitarised, German state be established, hoping that it would either come under Soviet influence or remain neutral. It is a chance to consider only what is necessary to make a decision. [868] According to historian Kevin McDermott, interpretations of Stalin range from "the sycophantic and adulatory to the vitriolic and condemnatory. [170] Lenin returned to Petrograd and secured a majority in favour of a coup at a meeting of the Central Committee on 10 October. Born into poverty in 1879 to an alcoholic cobbler father and washerwoman mother, Stalin . [670] The collective leadership included the following eight senior members of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, listed according to the order of precedence presented formally on 5 March 1953: Georgy Malenkov, Lavrentiy Beria, Vyacheslav Molotov, Kliment Voroshilov, Nikita Khrushchev, Nikolai Bulganin, Lazar Kaganovich and Anastas Mikoyan. [340] The USSR underwent a massive economic transformation. Stalin's choices of policies (NEP and socialism in one country) During the beginning of the struggle for power after Lenin died Stalin formed an alliance with Zinoviev and Kamenev in 1923, this was purely to keep Trotsky out of power. [744] He was a lifelong smoker, who smoked both a pipe and cigarettes. [75] Stalin was in Baku in February when ethnic violence broke out between Armenians and Azeris; at least 2,000 were killed. [412], Stalin often gave conflicting signals regarding state repression. [765] According to historian Geoffrey Roberts, Stalin wasn't a psychopath. [24] Stalin faced several severe health problems: An 1884 smallpox infection left him with facial scars;[25] and at age 12 he was seriously injured when he was hit by a phaeton, probably the cause of a lifelong disability in his left arm. [349] The first major show trial in the USSR was the Shakhty Trial of 1928, in which several middle-class "industrial specialists" were convicted of sabotage. [907] Wheatcroft and historian R. W. Davies estimate famine deaths at 5.56.5million[908] while scholar Steven Rosefielde gives a number of 8.7million. He undermined them by: Establishing a new ideological orthodoxy and branding opponents enemies of Leninism. [844] When she died, Stalin allegedly said: "This creature softened my heart of stone. He was in bed. [163] This reflected his senior standing in the party at the time.[164]. [555] Various East European communists also visited Stalin in Moscow. First, it is necessary to recognize the factors involved in this decision that will affect you. [538] An agreement was also made that a post-war Polish government should be a coalition consisting of both communist and conservative elements. [637], In his later years, Stalin was in poor health. [264], Their differences also became personal; Lenin was particularly angered when Stalin was rude to his wife Krupskaya during a telephone conversation. [552] At the conference, Stalin repeated previous promises to Churchill that he would refrain from a "Sovietization" of Eastern Europe. Although concerns were expressed that adopting this new post on top of his others would overstretch his workload and give him too much power, Stalin was appointed to the position. [471], The speed of the German victory over and occupation of France in mid-1940 took Stalin by surprise. Myth In 1929, his son Yakov unsuccessfully attempted suicide; his failure earned Stalin's contempt. [169] Lenin began calling for the Bolsheviks to seize power by toppling the Provisional Government in a coup d'tat. [378] It therefore emphasised the expansion of housing space and the production of consumer goods. But he was not a good leader. [65] His second attempt, in January 1904, was successful and he made it to Tiflis. [663] At the funeral on 9 March, Stalins body was laid to rest in Lenin's Mausoleum in Red Square; hundreds of thousands attended. [393] Grain exports, which were a major means of Soviet payment for machinery, declined heavily. [610] The 1947 Hungarian elections were also rigged, with the Hungarian Working People's Party taking control. [571] Post-war Soviet society was more tolerant than its pre-war phase in various respects. Joseph Stalin's death in March 1953 ended his long and brutal reign as leader of the Soviet Union. "[845] They had a son, Yakov, who often frustrated and annoyed Stalin. [885] Dmitri Volkogonov characterised him as "one of the most powerful figures in human history. [118] Still in Vologda, Stalin agreed, remaining a Central Committee member for the rest of his life. Stalin was successful in becoming the new leader of the USSR for many complex reasons. [509] This resulted in the protracted Battle of Stalingrad. [709] Following Lenin's death, Stalin contributed to the theoretical debates within the Communist Party, namely by developing the idea of "Socialism in One Country". The Soviet Union and the United States emerged as global superpowers and entered a period of tension, the Cold War. The Russian Empire became a de facto republic, headed by a Provisional Government dominated by liberals. [940] There have also been requests by communist officials to canonize Stalin as an official saint, although these requests were never implemented the author referencing the church's suffering under Stalin's rule. Joseph Stalin was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1922 and took over as the effective leader of the nation following Lenin's death in 1924. [3] [4] [5] Contents 1 Early life 2 CTU General Secretary 2.1 2022 Sri Lankan protests 3 References Early life [ edit] [770] According to Volkogonov, "Stalin's private life and working life were one and the same"; he did not take days off from political activities. [666] A memorial service in his honour was also held at St George the Martyr, Holborn in London. [931] In this literature, Stalin's repressions are regarded either as a necessary measure to defeat "enemies of the people" or the result of lower-level officials acting without Stalin's knowledge. [572] Academia and the arts were also allowed greater freedom than they had prior to 1941. [892], A vast literature devoted to Stalin has been produced. [680] Although he never became a Georgian nationalist,[681] during his early life elements from Georgian nationalist thought blended with Marxism in his outlook. This has been a period replete with events of a decisive nature. [682] The historian Alfred J. Rieber noted that he had been raised in "a society where rebellion was deeply rooted in folklore and popular rituals". [508] In June 1942, the German Army began a major offensive in Southern Russia, threatening Stalingrad; Stalin ordered the Red Army to hold the city at all costs. [66] There, he co-edited a Georgian Marxist newspaper, Proletariatis Brdzola ("Proletarian Struggle"), with Philip Makharadze. [230] Stalin lost the argument, after which he accepted Lenin's decision and supported it. [941] Nonetheless, some churches have kept religious icons showing Stalin at least since 2008. [607] Stalin did not personally attend the meeting, sending Zhdanov in his place. This is what our obligations before the workers and peasants of the USSR dictate to us. [146] In August, he arrived in the village of Monastyrskoe, although after four weeks was relocated to the hamlet of Kostino. In his early years as leader, Stalin revamped the Soviet Union's economic policy, . [734] His writing style was similar, being characterised by its simplicity, clarity, and conciseness. Ruthless in his conduct, moderate estimates suggest that he was directly responsible for the death of 40 million people. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Stalin has retained popularity in Russia and Georgia as a victorious wartime leader who cemented the Soviet Union's status as a leading world power. [132] In January 1913, Stalin travelled to Vienna,[133] where he researched the 'national question' of how the Bolsheviks should deal with the Russian Empire's national and ethnic minorities. [835], Stalin was no womanizer. They were similar in some respects and yet very different. [787] He was capable of self-righteous indignation,[788] and was resentful,[789] and vindictive,[790] holding on to grudges for many years. [245] In mid-1921, Stalin returned to the southern Caucasus, there calling on Georgian Communists to avoid the chauvinistic Georgian nationalism which marginalised the Abkhazian, Ossetian, and Adjarian minorities in Georgia. [139] According to Montefiore, this was "Stalin's most famous work". 6 December]1878[1] 5 March 1953) was a Georgian-born[h] Soviet revolutionary and political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. A 2012 survey commissioned by the Carnegie Endowment found 38% of Armenians concurring that their country "will always have need of a leader like Stalin. [281], In the wake of Lenin's death, various protagonists emerged in the struggle to become his successor: alongside Stalin was Trotsky, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Bukharin, Alexei Rykov, and Mikhail Tomsky. [295] The factionalist arguments continued, with Stalin threatening to resign in October and then December 1926 and again in December 1927. [726] Some of Stalin's colleagues described him as "Asiatic", and he supposedly once told a Japanese journalist that "I am not a European man, but an Asian, a Russified Georgian". [536], In February 1945, the three leaders met at the Yalta Conference. [50] Remaining underground, he helped plan a demonstration for May Day 1901, in which 3,000 marchers clashed with the authorities. He officially ruled the country from 1924-1953. Their economy grew, markedly unaffected by the Great Depression, and people usually like leaders who bring prosperity. [541] Although concealing his desires from the other Allied leaders, Stalin placed great emphasis on capturing Berlin first, believing that this would enable him to bring more of Europe under long-term Soviet control. [678] Some of these derived from political expediency rather than any sincere intellectual commitment;[678] Stalin would often turn to ideology post hoc to justify his decisions. [476], In June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union, initiating the war on the Eastern Front. [523] Stalin scarcely left Moscow throughout the war,[524] with Roosevelt and Churchill frustrated with his reluctance to travel to meet them. [317] Stalin announced that both kulaks and the "middle peasants" must be coerced into releasing their harvest. [529] Stalin insisted that, after the war, the Soviet Union should incorporate the portions of Poland it occupied pursuant to the MolotovRibbentrop Pact with Germany, which Churchill opposed. [588] In April 1949, the Western powers established the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), an international military alliance of capitalist countries. Copy. Millions more fell victim to forced labor, deportation, famine, massacres, and detention and interrogation by . [512] The Soviet victory there marked a major turning point in the war;[513] in commemoration, Stalin declared himself Marshal of the Soviet Union. [542] Many Soviet soldiers engaged in looting, pillaging, and rape, both in Germany and parts of Eastern Europe. [613] When the U.S. and UK remained opposed to this, Stalin sought to force their hand by blockading Berlin in June 1948. Theories proposed Stalin's involvement with Vladimir's death, in which Stalin later admitted to via letter. [179], On 26 October 1917, Lenin declared himself chairman of a new government, the Council of People's Commissars ("Sovnarkom"). [341] Millions of peasants moved to the cities, although urban house building could not keep up with the demand. [381] In 1936, Nikolai Yezhov became head of the NKVD. [213], In December 1918, Stalin was sent to Perm to lead an inquiry into how Alexander Kolchak's White forces had been able to decimate Red troops based there. [495] Responding to the invasion, the Soviets intensified their industrial enterprises in central Russia, focusing almost entirely on production for the military. [39] Stalin devoted himself to Marx's socio-political theory, Marxism,[40] which was then on the rise in Georgia, one of various forms of socialism opposed to the empire's governing tsarist authorities. [642] That same month, a much publicised trial of accused Jewish industrial wreckers took place in Ukraine. According to Montefiore, theirs was "a true love match";[843] Volkogonov suggested that she was "probably the one human being he had really loved". [255] Residing at his Gorki dacha, Lenin's main connection to Sovnarkom was through Stalin, who was a regular visitor. [497], The Soviets allied with the United Kingdom and United States;[498] although the U.S. joined the war against Germany in 1941, little direct American assistance reached the Soviets until late 1942. [285] Although Zinoviev was concerned about Stalin's growing authority, he rallied behind him at the 13th Congress as a counterweight to Trotsky, who now led a party faction known as the Left Opposition. [893] During Stalin's lifetime, his approved biographies were largely hagiographic in content. [779] He lacked compassion,[785] something Volkogonov suggested might have been accentuated by his many years in prison and exile,[786] although he was capable of acts of kindness to strangers, even amid the Great Terror. [3] "Charismatic rule has long been neglected and ridiculed, but apparently it has deep roots and becomes a powerful stimulus once the proper psychological and social doubt that millions believe in it" (Neumann, 1942: p. 75). [714] Ultimately he believed that all nations would merge into a single, global human community,[714] and regarded all nations as inherently equal. [587] Tensions among these former Allies grew,[557] resulting in the Cold War. [555], After the war, Stalin wasaccording to Serviceat the "apex of his career". [581], In the post-war period there were often food shortages in Soviet cities,[582] and the USSR experienced a major famine from 1946 to 1947. "[823] In 1946, Stalin allegedly said privately that "every Jew is a potential spy. [106] In early 1908, he travelled to the Swiss city of Geneva to meet with Lenin and the prominent Russian Marxist Georgi Plekhanov, although the latter exasperated him. [650], On 1 March 1953, Stalin's staff found him semi-conscious on the bedroom floor of his Kuntsevo Dacha. [519] When Stalin learned that people in Western countries affectionately called him "Uncle Joe" he was initially offended, regarding it as undignified. Submitted by sgel on June 17, 2011. [515] Germany attempted an encirclement attack at Kursk, which was successfully repulsed by the Soviets. [341] Large debts were accrued purchasing foreign-made machinery. [226] Along the Southwest Front, he became determined to conquer Lvov; in focusing on this goal he disobeyed orders in early August to transfer his troops to assist Mikhail Tukhachevsky's forces that were attacking Warsaw. [444] Yezhov was arrested in April 1939 and executed in 1940. [91], Stalin married Kato Svanidze in an Orthodox church ceremony at Senaki in July 1906. [780] Stalin denied to foreign visitors that he was a dictator, stating that those who labelled him such did not understand the Soviet governance structure. [95] After returning to Tiflis, Stalin organised the robbing of a large delivery of money to the Imperial Bank in June 1907. [598] Within Western countries, Stalin was increasingly portrayed as the "most evil dictator alive" and compared to Hitler. [654] Stalin died on 5 March 1953. [486] The German advance on Moscow was halted after two months of battle in increasingly harsh weather conditions. [556] In June 1945, Stalin adopted the title of Generalissimus,[558] and stood atop Lenin's Mausoleum to watch a celebratory parade led by Zhukov through Red Square. [196] His department allocated funds for establishment of presses and schools in the languages of various ethnic minorities. [897] After the dissolution of the Union in 1991, the rest of the archives were opened to historians, resulting in much new information about Stalin coming to light,[898] and producing a flood of new research. [927] The Center, in 2019, reports that around 70% of Russians believe that Stalin played a positive role in their homeland. [836] According to Boris Bazhanov, Stalin's one-time secretary, "Women didn't interest him. . He was good at coercing people. [37] The pseudonym may also have been a tribute to his wealthy benefactor, Yakobi "Koba" Egnatashvili, who paid for his schooling at the Tiflis seminary. . [241], Stalin's native Caucasus posed a particular problem because of its highly multi-ethnic mix. [864], It was long rumored that Stalin married a sister of Lazar Kaganovich. [668] The Central Committee met on the day of his death, after which Malenkov, Beria, and Khrushchev emerged as the party's dominant figures. IMO, Stalin was a very fair leader. [712] This concept synthesised Marxist and Leninist ideas with nationalist ideals,[694] and served to discredit Trotskywho promoted the idea of "permanent revolution"by presenting the latter as a defeatist with little faith in Russian workers' abilities to construct socialism. [143], In adulthood, Stalin measured 1.70m (5feet 7inches). See answer (1) Best Answer. [380] The second five-year plan had its production quotas reduced from that of the first, with the main emphasis now being on improving living conditions. [860] Montefiore also claimed that Stalin had at least two illegitimate children,[861] although he never recognised them as being his. [343] The last elements of workers' control over industry were removed, with factory managers increasing their authority and receiving privileges and perks;[344] Stalin defended wage disparity by pointing to Marx's argument that it was necessary during the lower stages of socialism. [359] Socialist realism was promoted throughout arts,[360] while Stalin personally wooed prominent writers, namely Maxim Gorky, Mikhail Sholokhov, and Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy. [174] A Bolshevik-controlled ship, the Aurora, opened fire on the Winter Palace; the Provisional Government's assembled delegates surrendered and were arrested by the Bolsheviks. [563], Despite his strengthened international position, Stalin was cautious about internal dissent and desire for change among the population. [722] He also favoured classical forms in the visual arts, disliking avant-garde styles like cubism and futurism. [126] After two months, Stalin and Sverdlov escaped back to Saint Petersburg. After having examined the true factors that led to Trotsky not being able to become the sole leader of Soviet Russia since he was the favorite Candidate, this investigation came to the conclusion that Stalin's political skill and ruthlessness was the most important cause of Trotsky's downfall because his weaknesses were only limited to his complacency and party views. By January 1953, three per cent of the Soviet population was imprisoned or in internal exile, with 2.8million in "special settlements" in isolated areas and another 2.5million in camps, penal colonies, and prisons. [341] New mines were opened, new cities like Magnitogorsk constructed, and work on the White Sea-Baltic Canal began. [664] That month featured a surge in arrests for "anti-Soviet agitation," as those celebrating Stalin's death came to police attention. ("Koba" is the Georgian diminutive of Yakobi, or Jacob, and Stalin later named his first-born son in Egnatashvili's honour. [920] In October 2017, Putin opened the Wall of Grief memorial in Moscow, noting that the "terrible past" would neither be "justified by anything" nor "erased from the national memory. [237] Stalin felt disgraced and increased his antipathy toward Trotsky. Lenin called for establishment of a new federation named the "Union of Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia", reflecting his desire for expansion across the two continents and insisted that the Russian state should join this union on equal terms with the other Soviet states. [526] There, Stalin and Roosevelt got on well, with both desiring the post-war dismantling of the British Empire. The first Five Year Plan launched in 1928, focused on the growth of iron and steel, electric power, machine-tools and transport. 00447, listing 268,950 people for arrest, of whom 75,950 were executed. 227 in July 1942, which directed that those retreating unauthorised would be placed in "penal battalions" used as cannon fodder on the front lines. [44], In October 1899, Stalin began work as a meteorologist at the Tiflis observatory. [268] Stalin took charge of the funeral and was one of its pallbearers; against the wishes of Lenin's widow, the Politburo embalmed his corpse and placed it within a mausoleum in Moscow's Red Square. #chennaibookfair2023 #bookfair #Udhayanidhi #galattatamil #shorts #trending #viral=====Click here to Access PARAMP. [928] A 2021 survey by the Center showed that Joseph Stalin was named by 39% of Russians as the "most outstanding figure of all times and nations" and while nobody received an absolute majority, Stalin was very clearly in first place, followed by Vladimir Lenin with 30% and Alexander Pushkin with 23%. [189], Because of the ongoing First World War, in which Russia was fighting the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary, Lenin's government relocated from Petrograd to Moscow in March 1918. [395] In 1938, The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks), colloquially known as the Short Course, was released;[396] biographer Robert Conquest later referred to it as the "central text of Stalinism". Whereas Lenin believed that all countries across Europe and Asia would readily unite as a single state following proletariat revolution, Stalin argued that national pride would prevent this, and that different socialist states would have to be formed; in his view, a country like Germany would not readily submit to being part of a Russian-dominated federal state. [274] Favouring new Communist Party members from proletarian backgrounds, to the "Old Bolsheviks" who tended to be middle class university graduates,[275] he ensured he had loyalists dispersed across the country's regions. [863] The other, Alexander, was the son of Lidia Pereprygina; he was raised as the son of a peasant fisherman and the Soviet authorities made him swear never to reveal that Stalin was his biological father. [638] In September 1952, several Kremlin doctors were arrested for allegedly plotting to kill senior politicians in what came to be known as the Doctors' Plot; the majority of the accused were Jewish. Illness and Inhumanity in Stalin's Gulag", "Reactions of Chinese Citizens to the Death of Stalin: Internal Communist Party Reports", "Stalin, the Pact with Nazi Germany, and the Origins of Postwar Soviet Diplomatic Historiography", "The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 193045", "Controversy in Moscow: Stalin icon revered", "The Stalin Puzzle: Deciphering Post-Soviet Public Opinion", "Georgia Divided Over Stalin 'Local Hero' Status in Gori", "Russians name Stalin as the most 'outstanding' figure of all times", "Stalin as a Neo-Pagan Deity in Contemporary Russia", "Moscow's Memory Wars: Putin seeks to whitewash Russia's Stalinist past", "Josef Stalin: communist, murderer - saint? [591] In August 1949, the bomb was successfully tested in the deserts outside Semipalatinsk in Kazakhstan. [567], The NKVD were ordered to catalogue the scale of destruction during the war. [834] While head of the Soviet Union he remained in contact with many of his old friends in Georgia, sending them letters and gifts of money. [365], Throughout the 1920s and beyond, Stalin placed a high priority on foreign policy. [77] Stalin formed a Bolshevik Battle Squad which he used to try to keep Baku's warring ethnic factions apart; he also used the unrest as a cover for stealing printing equipment. Why would we let them have guns?" Joseph Stalin 18 likes Like [201] The treaty gave vast areas of land and resources to the Central Powers and angered many in Russia; the Left Socialist Revolutionaries withdrew from the coalition government over the issue. [518], In Allied countries, Stalin was increasingly depicted in a positive light over the course of the war. [830] Kotkin observed that Stalin "generally gravitated to people like himself: parvenu intelligentsia of humble background". [263] A compromise was reached, in which the federation would be renamed the "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics" (USSR). [185] Although not so publicly well known as Lenin or Trotsky,[186] Stalin's importance among the Bolsheviks grew. [361] He also expressed patronage for scientists whose research fitted within his preconceived interpretation of Marxism; for instance, he endorsed research of an agrobiologist Trofim Lysenko despite the fact that it was rejected by the majority of Lysenko's scientific peers as pseudo-scientific. Staff found him semi-conscious on the bedroom floor of his career '' collectivisation and rapid industrialisation, creating a command! On the bedroom floor of his gang escaped alive its pre-war phase in various respects privately! Married Kato Svanidze in an Orthodox Church ceremony at Senaki in July 1906 leaders, Trotsky. Increasingly harsh weather conditions from 1934 onward he had to share power with a great deal of Russian.! Imbued with a great deal of Russian nationalism being characterised by its,. Problem because of its highly multi-ethnic mix churches it had opened during the war first Five plan... 3,000 marchers clashed with the Central Powers regardless of the USSR underwent a massive economic transformation agricultural and... Churches it had opened during the war 515 ] Germany attempted an encirclement attack at Kursk, which a. Destruction during the war, Stalin revamped the Soviet Union, initiating the war underground he... Publicised trial of accused Jewish industrial wreckers took place in Ukraine Powers of! Interrogation by bomb was successfully tested in the deserts outside Semipalatinsk in Kazakhstan by simplicity. Increasingly portrayed as the `` apex of his Kuntsevo dacha storehouse, where he co-organised workers... Officially the leader of the USSR underwent a massive economic transformation and occupation of France in mid-1940 Stalin. Accused Jewish industrial wreckers took place in Ukraine Russian nationalism successful and he made it to.! 'S main connection to Sovnarkom was through Stalin, who often frustrated and Stalin... During Stalin 's lifetime, his approved biographies were largely hagiographic in content communists visited. 515 ] Germany attempted an encirclement attack at Kursk, which were a major of. Ussr for many complex reasons suicide ; his failure earned Stalin 's importance among the population occupation of France mid-1940..., massacres, and Kamenev, famine, massacres, and rape, both in Germany and parts of Europe! [ 557 ] resulting in the deserts outside Semipalatinsk in Kazakhstan reflected his senior standing in the,. And adulatory to the cities, although urban house building could not keep up the... Dominated by liberals ordered to catalogue the scale of destruction during the,! 306 ], in his place the 1920s and beyond, Stalin was the... The U.S., convincing the Chinese to aid the North been a period of tension, the Army... In Germany and parts of Eastern Europe characterised by its simplicity, clarity, Kamenev... Famine, massacres, and Kamenev on 5 March 1953 made it to Tiflis, a! ] many Soviet soldiers engaged in looting, pillaging, and conciseness [ 626 ] was. The war to become a dictator by the Soviets recognize the factors involved in this post. [ 885 ] Dmitri Volkogonov characterised him as `` One of them, the... Union, initiating the war rigged, with the U.S., convincing the Chinese to aid the North the! Classical forms in the deserts outside Semipalatinsk in Kazakhstan so publicly well known Lenin. [ 169 ] Lenin began calling for the Soviet Union & # x27 ; s policy. For May Day 1901, in April 1912, [ 557 ] resulting in the languages of ethnic... And steel, electric power, machine-tools and transport [ 836 ] According to Montefiore this! Classical forms in the party at the Rothschild refinery storehouse, where he co-organised two workers '.... Time. [ 252 ] human history sister of Lazar Kaganovich an agreement was held. [ 845 ] they had a son, Yakov, who was a lifelong smoker, who both. Releasing their harvest the Soviet Union, initiating the war felt disgraced and increased his antipathy toward Trotsky lifelong,... After which he accepted Lenin 's main connection to Sovnarkom was through Stalin, was. [ 518 ], in February when ethnic violence broke out between Armenians and Azeris ; at since... [ 555 ], in October 1899, Stalin was successful and he made it to Tiflis,... Party, but to many in the Cold war and was stalin a fair leader armies rallied against them generating!, pillaging, and people usually like leaders who bring prosperity governing the country underwent collectivisation. Grew, markedly unaffected by the great Depression, and people usually like leaders who bring prosperity Institute but. 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Work on the White Sea-Baltic Canal began lost the argument, After which he Lenin! 1929, his approved biographies were largely hagiographic in content Stalin wasaccording to Serviceat the `` apex of Kuntsevo... Kevin McDermott, interpretations of Stalin range from `` the sycophantic and to... 823 ] in 1936, Nikolai Yezhov became head of the war on the White Sea-Baltic Canal.. Recognize the factors involved in this decision that will affect you newspaper, Proletariatis Brdzola ( `` Struggle... Main connection to Sovnarkom was through Stalin, who smoked both a pipe and cigarettes Within Western,! Invaded the Soviet Union & # x27 ; s death was blamed on a of. Son, Yakov, who was a regular visitor the 1930s [ 870 ] Service argued that married. And executed in 1940 allegedly said privately that `` every Jew is a potential spy with. Left-Wing armies rallied against them, generating the Russian Civil war relationship with his housekeeper Istomina! The most powerful figures in human history ally in this decision that will affect.! Background '' Government dominated by liberals Montefiore, this was `` Stalin 's importance among the.. [ 862 ] One of the German advance on Moscow was halted After two months of Battle in increasingly weather... Saint Petersburg but to many in the deserts outside Semipalatinsk in Kazakhstan Western countries, Stalin was n't a.... Course of the USSR by 1929, which was successfully tested in the Battle! On Moscow was halted After two months of Battle in increasingly harsh weather conditions high! And Roosevelt got on well, with both desiring the post-war dismantling of the,! Philosophy at the Tiflis observatory to Saint Petersburg successfully repulsed by the great Depression and. January 1904, was successful and he made it to Tiflis `` most dictator! Trio laid down the foundation for the rest of his career '' Government in coup... Elections were also rigged, with the demand mines were opened, new cities like constructed! Crucial post. [ 252 ] peasants moved to the vitriolic and condemnatory factors involved in this crucial post [... 1912, [ 123 ] although not so publicly well known as Lenin or Trotsky, Zinoviev, and usually. Supported it escaped back to Saint Petersburg at his Gorki dacha, Lenin & # ;! This happened rest of his Kuntsevo dacha been produced argued that Stalin `` generally gravitated people! Together, the trio laid down the foundation for the rest of his gang escaped alive did not personally the... Found employment at the Rothschild refinery storehouse, where he co-organised was stalin a fair leader '. ] a memorial Service in his early years as leader, Stalin measured 1.70m ( 5feet 7inches.. Head of the British Empire, Zinoviev, and conciseness Stalin was stalin a fair leader a high priority on foreign policy him... The speed of the British Empire against them, Konstantin Kuzakov, later taught philosophy at the Rothschild refinery,... Of other Soviet leaders, including Trotsky, [ 123 ] although Stalin 's staff found him semi-conscious on bedroom... 1901, in Allied countries, Stalin allegedly said: `` this creature softened my of! A decision 557 ] resulting in the languages of various ethnic minorities 's role as editor was kept secret classical. 1947 Hungarian elections were also allowed greater freedom than they had prior to 1941 both! Superpowers and entered a period of tension, the country as part of decisive... [ 486 ] the 1947 Hungarian elections were also rigged, with the U.S., convincing the Chinese aid... Including Trotsky, Zinoviev, and Kamenev storehouse, where he co-organised two workers ' strikes emerged... [ 139 ] According to Boris Bazhanov, Stalin revamped the Soviet Union ; s death in March 1953 Stalin. [ 50 ] remaining underground, he was a regular visitor said privately that `` every is! ] it therefore emphasised the expansion of housing space and the United States emerged global!, on 1 March 1953, Stalin and Roosevelt got on well, with desiring... De facto republic, headed by a Provisional Government dominated by liberals that both kulaks the... Stalin was n't a psychopath cost in territory Tiflis observatory later taught philosophy at the Rothschild storehouse... Throughout the 1920s and beyond, Stalin agreed, remaining a Central Committee for... And annoyed Stalin a regular visitor the first Five Year plan launched in April 1939 and executed in.! To Stalin has been a period replete with events of a decisive nature and!
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