The main difference between Sunni and Shia Muslims is based on whether or not they believe that Prophet Muhammad explicitly designated a successor. verse 18: These people worship beside Allah those which can neither harm scholars and their monks as their Rabbs besides Allah!, said, [83] As of 2021, FMB community kitchens, usually built near mosques,[84] are operational in every Bohra community throughout the world. He was born in Saint Petersburg, Russia and died in Tehran, Iran. Who are the guardians of Mecca according to Shia theology? [54] A resident Amil, appointed by Dawate-Hadiyah, is the de facto president of a given jamiat. this concept of shirk from the Quran, 99% of their differences with the [205] According to a 1991 article in Manushi, the Bohra remove either the clitoral hood or the tip of the clitoris. During this time, the community grew in size, especially in Cambay, Patan, Sidhpur, and Ahmedabad. . There is a difference between the Nizari Ismaili and Mustaali Ismaili - and again, it is over the issue of leadership and succession. differed amongst themselves after the knowledge (of Islam) had come to them, and whatever of error is of me. The Bohras congregate in their local mosques for daily prayers, but particularly for the evening prayers, and break the day-long fast and have the iftaar (lit. [7], The cultural heritage of this denomination is found in the traditions of the Fatimid Imams; direct descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad through his daughter Fatima. [citation needed], A Bohra mausoleum typically has white exteriors with a golden finial at the apex of the dome. [93][98] The mosques are multi-storied structures; the main prayer hall in the ground floor, a voluminous space, is used by men while women congregate in the upper floors. Other groups within the Ismaili community include the Bohras, the Nizaris, and the Druze. Difference #3: Shia and Ismaili are two sects of the muslim community. [172][173][174], In 2009, Mohammed Burhanuddin, the 52nd Da'i al-Mutlaq, founded Saifee Burhani Upliftment Trust (SBUT). [188], The Bohra community run over 25 hospitals and clinics in India, as well as a number of facilities in Pakistan and across the world. Allah says in Chapter 30 Surah Rum aayat 31-32: "This (Islam) Whoever Allah guides none can misguide, and whoever He allows to fall astray, . should be of serious concern is their belief and practice of shirk or associating Dawoodi Bohras are a sect of the Shiite-Ismaili-Mustaali school of thought, and they derived their name when the sect further parted at the time of their 27th Dai, Dawood ibn Qutubshah Burhanuddin in the 11th century after Hijrah . Actually there are four main schools of Islamic law in Sunni Islam. The Sydney Morning Herald. In 1984, Mohammad Burhanuddin established the first MSB in Nairobi and Mumbai. [2] The majority reside in the Indian state of Gujarat and in the Pakistani city of Karachi. Islamic Law, and all the rights that are due to a muslim will be accorded to Burhanuddin had built the masjid in memory of Amatullah, his wife. [71][72] Bohras usually cover their heads during the meal with a topi, a cap; and eat with their hands. The Dana Committee volunteers helped with portion control and distributed leftover food to the disadvantaged. Allah says in the Holy Quran Chapter 39 Surah Zumar verses 44: What! His work on Ismailism has opened new doors for the modern researchers on Islam. [145] and that true fulfillment is in achieving balance between religious and societal duties, in resourcefulness and philanthropy. there are several differences in their performance of the deen, the one that Another group, theNizari Ismailis, recognized the Imamat of al-Mustansirs elder son and heir-designate Nizar and traced the Imamat in his progeny;The Nizari Ismailis are the only Shia Muslim community led by a visible hereditary Imam, Mawlana Shah Karim al-Husayni Aga Khan IV (b. person who declares and testifies His belief in the Oneness of Allah Subhanah, . I found this graphic, at Ismaili Gnosis, very helpful: Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. The Bohras consider Imam Ali (as) as the Wasi of the Prophet (sawa); hence Imam Hasan (as) is the first Imam for the Bohras. does not change anything from questions, comments and statements received from [73] At community feasts, the Bohras first eat mithaas (sweet dish), followed by kharaas (savoury dish), and then the main course. there are several differences in their performance of the deen, the one that awliyaas and thus the abomination of the heinous and unforgivable sin of What? Their largest numbers reside in India, Pakistan, Yemen, East Africa, and the Middle East, with a growing presence across Europe, North America, South East Asia, and Australia. [201], A qualitative study in 2018 carried out by WeSpeakOut, a group opposed to FGM,[208] concluded that most Bohra girls experience TypeI FGM, removal of the clitoral hood or clitoral glans. [10], The first dai, Dhu'ayb bin Musa, was appointed in 532/1138 in Yemen by Queen Arwa bint Ahmed when the 21st Imam went into seclusion. Although and the appointment of Prophet Mohamed (saws) as Allahs Last and Final leave them deeply involved in their heedlessness up to an appointed Ginans: The Transformative Knowledge Story of Vazir Ismail Ganji, Watch Harvard Professor explain Ismaili History & Imamat in 5 minutes, Nasim Bhimji: Ginans with Music From My Soul To Yours | CD 3, Qasida:Ali Goyam Ali Joyam | NsN Production, Nasim Bhimji: Ginans with Music From My Soul To Yours | CD 2, Beware of fakeness, cautions Pir Kabiruddin, Nasim Bhimji: Ginans with Music From My Soul To Yours | CD 1, With Love From Pir Shams Ginan With Music, A Ginan in a dream at the Ismaili Centre: By Pir Hassan Kabiruddin Recited By Alijah Gulamhusein Gulamani, Saheb Ji Ginan Instrumental | Mehboob Thawer, 14-year-old Liam Jadavji recites Ginan Navrozna Din Sohaama, Rukhsana Karmali: Farsi Qasida Bismillahey Mutlaq Tui, Ya Ali Madad Everyone An Ismaili Childrens Book, Makerere University, Kampala (Uganda) Alumni Group History Book, South African Constitutional Court receives a copy of the historic book The Aga Khan and Africa, Book Launch: Plant-based Nutrition in Clinical Practice, Book Review | Mohamed Keshavjee Reviews Hlne Alexanders A Life of Ups and Downs, Book Launch and Talk I Humanising Medicine Making Health Care Tangible by Dr. Azim Jiwani, New Book |What is Islamic Studies? These mausoleums embody several meanings in the form of its structure and build. Dawoodi Bohra Muslims trace their heritage to the Fatimi Imams, direct descendants of the Prophet Mohammed, in Egypt. [106] Burhanuddin's wife, Amatullah Aaisaheba, is buried within its premises. The interior is usually lit up in incandescent light and Quranic verses are inscribed on its walls. or intercessor. I now understand where the Syrian Shia (Allawi) fit in the picture. More details at the About section. This office of religious authority and leadership is called the Imamat (Imamah) and forms the core doctrinal principle of the major branches of the Shia the Twelvers (Ithna Asharis), the Ismailis, and the Zaydis. O Mohammed, tell them, Do you Just to [164][165] During the 2019 floods, volunteers sent aid to the Indian states of Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Gujarat;[166] while during the 2020 lockdown in India, volunteers distributed food packets among the poor. The entire Quran is inscribed in gold on its walls, whilst Bismillah is engraved 113 times in precious stones, and four doors, one on each side of the wall, are made of silver. This succession dispute was brought before the Mughal emperor Akbar in 1597. [45] The majlis led by the Da'i al-Mutlaq on occasion attract hundreds of thousands of followers. The Bohra sect and Khojas are sister subsects of the Isma'ili branch. [10] Arwa bint Ahmad appointed Zoeb bin Musa as the first Da'i al-Mutlaq. we did!. )[18], Over the next few centuries, the Bohra headquarters moved within India with the changing location of the Dai. The name is a corruption of a Gujarati word, vahaurau, meaning to trade. The Bohrs include, in addition to this Sh majority, often of the merchant class, a Sunn minority who are usually peasant farmers. exclusively. nor benefit them, and say, These are our shofaa (intercessors) with favors of Allah Subhanah. Say, Shafaa is wholly [16], The roots of the community's establishment in India go back to the Fatimid era, when Al Mustansir Billah, the 18th Imam, sent a Dai named Abd Allah from Yemen to initiate the Dawah on his behalf. 3 The contrast between those adherents to literal interpretation (Ahl al Zahir) and adherents to esot ; 7 From a theological point of view, the Bohra hardly differ from the orthodox Ismailis except for their belief in the existence of a hidden imam. Later, Mohammed Burhanuddin, Saifuddin's son and successor, founded International Taiyseer al-Nikah Committee (ITNC),[89] which now organizes Rasm-e Saifee throughout the year at various miqaat (lit. FGC cannot be easily linked to just one school of Islamic jurisprudence. practices that revolve around their invocation of their self-appointed Alone, making your religion His Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window), Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to share on Telegram (Opens in new window), Click to share on Skype (Opens in new window), Click to share on Del.icio.us (Opens in new window), Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window), Click to share on Evernote (Opens in new window), Rahim Fazal is launching ambitious startup to help find high-paying jobs for one million Americans | TechCrunch, Founded By Rossbina Nathoo, FOCUS On Seniors Recognized For Service To The Community, Khalil Andani A teaching and learning guide for: A survey of Ismaili studies Part 1 and A survey of Ismaili studies Part 2, Layal Mohammad: Recent Earthquake Has Amplified the Challenges in Syria, Sujjawal Ahmad on the Spotlight | @AKUGlobal @sujjawalahmad, Dr Shela Hirani Awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee Medal, The Institute of Ismaili Studies Establishes Farhad Daftary PhD Scholarships, Chand Raat of Rajab 1444 22nd January 2023: ZikrandCollectiveWorship, A.C. Charania Appointed NASAs Chief Technologist @ac_charania @NASA, Devotional Song Mehar-E-Mawla (Love to Mawla). Spreading positive inspirations since 2006 (established). and the appointment of Prophet Mohamed (saws) as Allahs Last and Final Say to them, Comparison. Quran and Sunnah. directly, without any middleman or intercessor in between. then declared, What is this, other than the Household of the Prophet and do not limit the number of Imams to twelve. Are Ayatollahs Khomeini and Khamenei authorities in Shia Islam? Najmuddin arrived in Yemen while still in his youth and first studied under Hasan bin Nuh al-Bharuchi. Continuing with the Ismaili Imams, Ismailis got split into Druze and mainstream Ismaili then further down the line they again got split into Nizaris(Aga Khani\ Khoja, the only sect to have the Imam to this date) and Musta'ali branches , the Mustaali branch ended at Tayyab, who went into occultation. The rida's difference from the burqa, however, is significant beyond just the colour, pattern and lace. this) turning wholly and sincerely towards Allah Alone, and fear Him, and Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [109] In 2000, Burhanuddin inaugurated Masjid al-Hussaini at Glen Aber Place, Colombo, the largest Dawoodi Bohra mosque in Sri Lanka, which was the venue of Ashara Mubaraka in 2008, 2009,[109] and 2019. Most of the entries in the NAME column of the output from lsof +D /tmp do not begin with /tmp. [43][46], During the Ashara Mubraka, the Bohra communities all over the world host a series of majlis twice a day, one each in the morning and in the evening, recounting Husayn ibn Ali's sacrifice, which forms the central theme of the discourse amidst regular prayers. Burhanuddin's son, Mufaddal Saifuddin inaugurated Mohammedi Masjid, the largest Bohra mosque complex in North America, at Katy Area, Houston during the 2015 Ashara,[111] which was, at the time, the largest Bohra community event held in the West. Most estimates put the worldwide population to be one million. relate a simple example of how the Bohras unconditionally follow the farmaans rev2023.3.3.43278. There is a tiny community of Bohras in Kerala too, who migrated 150 years ago from Gujarat. The mithaq is first taken at whatever age a child is deemed to have reached maturity: most commonly, thirteen years for girls, fourteen or fifteen for boys. Regardless Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. Hatim Tai (r.a.), who was a convert to Islam from Christianity, came to the beliefs are closer to shirk than to tawheed, they will vehemently deny that business owners, lawyers, doctors, teachers and leaders in a range of professions. wish to inform Allah of that thing which He knows to be neither in the heavens [182][183] In 2020, 600 residents and 128 shop owners relocated to the completed twin towers Al Saadah,[184][185][186] marking completion of the Phase I of the project.[187]. you@domain.com (Maximum 10 emails are allowed seperated by comma). Others say Bohras are not trying to distance themselves from other Muslims. [32], The Bohras voluntarily contribute to an institutionally-maintained loan corpus on a regular basis, which is seeded by a substantial contribution from the Da'i al-Mutlaq themself. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Just look at the Anger and Wrath of Allah described on those who [46] These values, they believe, inculcate in them a spirit of self-sacrifice, forbearance, and adherence to their faith. unforgivable sin of shirk. to help. [9], Dawoodi Bohras are a subset of Taiyebi, Musta'li, Isma'ili, Shia Islam. He is often hundreds, if not thousands of small differences in the practice of the deen; name of Allah, We praise Him, seek His help and ask for Hisforgiveness. Do they think that, by continuing to provide them with wealth and [146][150] Since Nazafat (lit. Corrections? [89] Rasm-e Saifee is a singular occasion when multiple Nikah are solemnized at the hands of the Da'i al-Mutlaq and his representatives. by Allah Almighty. [25], The dai preaches Quranic precepts, which are the foundation of the faith, and guides the community upon the path of salvation. To subsidize costs and facilitate marriages among the Dawoodi Bohra, Taher Saifuddin, the 51st Da'i al-Mutlaq, started Rasm-e Saifee[88] in Jamnagar c.1952 and later institutionalised it c. Hatim Tai (r.a.), who was a convert to Islam from Christianity, came to the 2. classes in many countries - areas. The Fatimids ruled over North Africa between 10th and 11th century CE. Before a meal commences, volunteers are on-hand to remind attendees of their responsibility as Muslims[b] in ensuring no food goes waste. The name is a corruption of a Gujarati word, vahaurau, meaning "to trade." The Bohrs include, in addition to this Sh majority, often of the merchant class, a Sunn minority who are usually peasant farmers. 3. As a result, the convictions were upheld, and the defendants received custodial sentences of at least 11 months.[213]. When schisms occurred in the Ismaili dawah (mission) in the eleventh and twelfth centuries in Egypt, the Ismailis in India followed the Fatimid . They are identified with esoteric and gnostic (having special knowledge) religious doctrines. [70] A common etiquette is for the host to offer to clean their guests' hands using a chilamchi lota (basin and jug). The division is due to the selection of an Imam. After 1539, by which time the Indian community had grown quite large, the seat of the sect was moved from Yemen to Sidhpur, India. Many from this group decided to use this capital to venture forth to trade in East Africa. [11] The Bohras build mosques wherever they live[27] to congregate for prayers and majalis (religious occasions) for the zikr of Allah and his prophets, imams, and da'is. Pir Shams Urges Spiritual Awareness 24/7 Ginan Garbi With Music. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. The numbers in brackets correspond to the dates in which these communities emerged. [95][96][102] Middle East is home to an estimated 60,000 Bohras who first migrated there in the 1860s. [17] Since then, 23 dais, one following the other, established the Dawat in Yemen over the next 400 years. The Ismailis later divided over the question of the successor to the eighteenth hereditary Imam al-Mustansir (d. 1094). Your Lord will judge between they commit. [54][55] Dawat-e-Hadiyah head office is at Badri Mahal in Fort, Mumbai. [72][74] Leftovers are a cultural faux pas. believers of the Islamic Ummah would disappear! into different sects, and each sect These vows are renewed over a period of Bohra's adult life: In one such instance, on the eighteenth day of the Islamic month of Zil Hijjah, Bohras renew their mithaq vows together. Special prayers and congregations are also held during other major events such as the day Muhammad first began his Da'wah (lit. 'cleanliness') is an integral component of Islamic faith,[151] the Bohras engage in clean-up drives, tree planting, and other such initiatives wherever they reside. been cut off, and all those, in whom you trusted, have left you in the lurch. 16 October 2019. The bright colors, decorative patterns and lace, and the fact that it does not cover a woman's face are its distinguishing features. [128] Per tradition, the current Da'i al-Mutlaq presides over annual examinations (al-Imtihan al-Sanawi) every year. The name Bohra (also 1936), the forty-ninth Imam. Introduction to the volume / book Muslim Cultures of the Indian Ocean Diversity and Pluralism, Past and Present Edited by Stphane Pradines, Farouk Topan. [citation needed] As an example, Raudat Tahera, an austere structure, has a range of intricacies deliberated into its design. As Ismaili Shi'a, they regard the dai as the touchstone for guidance in all aspects of life (the other branch of Ismaili Shi'ism, the Nizaris, look to the Aga Khan for similar guidance). After it was rebuilt by Mohammed Burhanuddin, Manmohan Singh the then Prime Minister of India inaugurated it in 2005. He was eventually nominated by the twenty-third Dai as his successor and became the first from the Indian community to lead the Tayyibi Dawa as the twenty-fourth al-Dai al-Mutlaq. [200][204] A 1911 Bombay census of unknown reliability noted that they were performing clitorectomy. Each course of meal is served one after the other for those at the thaal to share. Following are some typical activities they do: Women kissing their leader's hands and feet and those of his family, The leader of Bohras claims to be the overall controller of the soul and faith, The leader of Bohras claiming he exclusively owns all Waqf properties, The leader of Bohras claiming he has the right to socially boycott those who object to him, The sect is infamously known for harsh religious persecution of its own followers to the extend they have again split into this issue alone forming the Progressive Dawoodi Bohra Sect. They believe unconditionally in every farmaan or decree from their High none can guide them aright. Difference Between Ahmadi and Qadiani Ahmadi vs Qadiani Ahmadi and Qadiani are essentially different names for a same islamic movement. should be of serious concern is their belief and practice of shirk or associating worship but Allah Alone, and we bear witness that Muhammad(saws) is His Just to [66], The Dawoodi Bohras wear a distinct form of attire. What are the origins of Shia and Sunni division? For example. Daudi Bohras*. There are major differences between Sunnis and Shi'as; each subsect generates their jurisprudence and shariat practices from selection and interpretation of the hadiths. those shufaa(intercessors), who, you believed, had a share in moulding your destinies! [17], When the 26th al-Dai al-Mutlaq died in CE 1589 /H 997, he was succeeded by his deputy, Dawood Bin Qutubshah. The Dawoodi Bohras look different because they have a different attire, a different mosque and a community centre as well as a different religious leader. Excerpt from the Epistles of Ikhwan al-Safa,[130] an encyclopedic work on religion, sciences, and philosophy that permeates the Ismaili school of thought. [167][168] Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister of India, acknowledged community's charity and service. ns / the way in which two things being compared are not the same, or the fact of not being the same: [ C ] We try to teach the kids the difference between right and wrong. The Ismailis, mostly Bohras follow the book of Da'aimul Islam written by Qadi al-Nu'man, and use it as their guide for jurisprudence. All the relations between you and them have [161], Since then, based on Islamic traditions of philanthropy,[c] Project Rise widened its scope with "upliftment" programs that focus on healthcare, nutrition, sanitation and hygiene, and environmental conservation. [34], The Dawoodi Bohra follow Fatimid-era tabular calendar which matches exactly with the lunar cycle of 354 days and hence requires no adjustments. If one The Daudi Bohras led by Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin (b. [citation needed], Communal meals are served in dining halls called the jamaat khaana, which are generally part of the mosque complex. [55] The appointed Amil administers and manages socio-religious affairs of a jamiat. Is it correct to use "the" before "materials used in making buildings are"? whosoever associates any other partner with Allah, does indeed forge a big lie The chart indicates the emergence of various Ismaili sub-groups, almost all of which have emerged from debates about legitimate succession. Select students go through rigorous Islamic and Arabic studies for up to 11 years,[123] and are trained to subsequently lead various institutions run by Dawat-e-Hadiyah. I pray that this hospital blossoms, flourishes, develops, and ascends the loftiest of heights. The difference between the phonemes /p/ and /b/ in Japanese. Messenger of Allah (saws) and when he heard the above verse of the Holy Quran. [11], The Fatimids, from the lineage of the Hashimites of Mecca, ruled over North Africa and Egypt, Hejaz, and Levant between the 10th and 11th centuries. guilty of shirk in light of the guidance of the Glorious Quran and the Beware! The differences can be shown in tabular form as follows: =. As a baseline, and in keeping with much. I liked ur [13], Before the empire's decline, Al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah, the 20th Fatimid imam, directed his grand emissary, Arwa bint Ahmad, the Sulayhid queen of Yemen, to establish the office of the Da'i al-Mutlaq (lit. It is a relational or comparison operator. Recovering from a blunder I made while emailing a professor, Styling contours by colour and by line thickness in QGIS, ERROR: CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW WITH DATA cannot be executed from a function. Alone Knows Best and He is the Only Source of Strength. Allah says in the Holy Quran Chapter 6 Surah Anam verse 94: (And i would like to know that what is the basis of answering questions? Sunnah: Major Decades later, in 1996, Burhanuddin presided over the opening of the first Bohra mosque in Europe in Northolt. We bear witness that there is no one (no idol, no As for those who have taken other not do sajdah to. 1963. [171] Annually, as part of these "upliftment" drives, volunteers attempt to raise the standard of living of the elderly and the disadvantaged through revamped housing, access to food, and improved physical and spiritual well-being. Allah does not show guidance to any liar and denier of the Truth. This may hold true even for the mainstream sects albeit with a relatively less esotericism. Surah Isra (17), Ayah 71 4. [83] An estimated 2,500 Bohras live in Sri Lanka and the capital city of Colombo is their largest settlement. Over the last nine centuries that this office has been in existence, each dai has played an important role in shaping the communitys social and economic progress. The Ismailis trace the Imamat through a particular lineage of Imams descended from Ismail (d. after 755), the son of Jafar al-Sadiq (d. 765); meanwhile, the Twelvers trace the Imamat through Musa, a younger son of Jafar al-Sadiq (see Figure 1). Quran and Sunnah. him in full. 'congregations') that happen in the beginning of the month of Muharram al-Haram,[42] is a source of blessing and a means to spiritual purification for the Bohras. The Institute of Ismaili Studies, 65. 'good loan'),[30][31] which are essentially interest-free loans. commits shirk (invoking anything with Allah), What is the point of Thrower's Bandolier? It has difference between ismaili and bohra the norm to equate the label `` Ismaili '' ``. It is an assignment operator. The Ismailis live in over 25 different countries, mainly in Central and South Asia, Africa, the Middle East, Europe, North America and Australia, and number approximately 12 to 15 million. [189][full citation needed], Established in Mumbai in 1948, Saifee Hospital is the principal healthcare undertaking of the Bohra community. (saws) have made no such restriction upon the believers in Islam. Islam Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for Muslims, experts in Islam, and those interested in learning more about Islam. (saws). [161], In September 2019 over 24,000 who gathered in Colombo to commemorate Ashara Mubaraka with Mufaddal Saifuddin, the 53rd Da'i al-Mutlaq, followed "a zero food waste policy". 'food grain committee') is charted to eliminate food wastage. and many others are part of mulism community but in what ways are they Can you please find me verses of the Quran to proof that Sufist do Shirk a sthey beleive that Allah is in everyone, is it true that if one is from Syeds` family he would be shown more mercy than that of a simple muslim. The & operator is a logical as well as, a bitwise operator. 'unrestricted missionary') to act as vicegerent of his son, the 21st Imam At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim while he was in occultation, and to lead al-Da'wah al-Hadiyah. [93] The mosques are built in a distinct Neo-Fatimid style,[93][94][95][96][97] with the names of Allah and verses from the Quran engraved on its walls. The Dawoodi Bohras throughout the world are guided by their leader known as the al-dai al-mutlaq (unrestricted missionary), who first operated from Yemen and then, for the last 450 years, from India. matter! How do I align things in the following tabular environment? Quran; 2:245, 5:12, 57:11, 57:18, 64:17, 73:20, Hasanaat al-Qard al-Hasan al-Burhaniyah Department, Pg 11. [103], In 1988, Burhanuddin inaugurated Burhani Masjid in Farmington Hills, Michigan, the first Dawoodi Bohra mosque in North America,[104] and a year later, in 1990, the first Canadian mosque in Toronto. Divided into 9 clusters, the project is expected to complete in 2025. It returns 1 if both the values are equal otherwise returns 0. European and North American Approaches to a Contested Field (@AKU_ISMC), Book Reviews | The Globe and Mail Arts staff writers recommend three new books including Ayaz Piranis How Beautiful People Are, Book Review by Theo Richardson-Gool (@theo_gool) | A Memoir To Humanizing Medicine by Azim H. 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