how can nanotechnology cure diseases

Further research and development with affordable large-scale production is necessary for a successful malaria vaccine, and nanotechnology could play a critical role in providing new approaches to protect all ages. Verloes, R. et al. Expert Opin. Chem. Challenges to treating IDs are often compounded in low SDI countries. Anti-Racism Hallmark Research Initiative Seminar: Blindfolded, running with scissors: A systematic and critical review of anonymous application procedures Ligand-conjugated nanocarriers can also increase their cell uptake, aiding in the treatment of intracellular pathogens. Impressively, only a single dose of the liposomal combination produced the same effect. Intracellular delivery and antibacterial activity of gentamicin encapsulated in pH-sensitive liposomes. In another study, Toti et al. Inhibitors of this quorum sensing phenomenon have the potential to disrupt biofilms. A nano-chitosan-based recombinant DNA vaccine elevated the immunologic and protective effects against TB in a mouse model136, and chitosan has a role as a vaccine adjuvant in the prevention of TB137. Tulkens, P. & Trouet, A. Rev. Tedijanto, C., Olesen, S. W., Grad, Y. H. & Lipsitch, M. Estimating the proportion of bystander selection for antibiotic resistance among potentially pathogenic bacterial flora. Pharm. However, due to the short retention and sudden exposure to high concentrations, the treatment needs to be applied very frequently and it can be toxic to host cells40. To validate the benefit of N-acetyl cysteine in vivo, the authors treated mice with inflammatory lipopolysaccharide from P. aeruginosa, which led to enhanced mucous secretion in the lungs. was supported in part by an MIT Tata Centre Grant and a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship. Soon, nanomedicine will be able to cure many diseases and illnesses. Treatment of Tuberculosis: Guidelines 4th edn (WHO, 2010); https://www.who.int/tb/publications/2010/9789241547833/en/. Importantly, in rats that had the most severe lung infection, PEG-coated liposomes (half-life=27h) resulted in approximately fourfold higher concentrations compared with uncoated liposomes (half-life=19h)51. However other factors prevent the successful implementation of (nano)technology health solutions in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Release 192, 131140 (2014). J. Pharm. Despite over 3billion people being at risk of infection, funding for the global malaria response has plateaued since 2010, reaching only US$3.1 billion in 2017, which is less than half of the US$6.6billionyr1 funding target for 2020100. Kinch, M. S., Patridge, E., Plummer, M. & Hoyer, D. An analysis of FDA-approved drugs for infectious disease: antibacterial agents. a, Pathogens can escape the action of anti-infectives by residing in intracellular foci that are poorly accessible to drugs147. Thank you for visiting nature.com. The cycle is complete when an infected TB individual coughs, sneezes, speaks or sings to release highly transmissible infectious droplet nuclei into the air for a susceptible individual to inhale149. Opin. J. Nanomed. Alvarez, C. A. et al. Cunha-Reis et al. One example is. In the drug-sensitive model, ten doses of the soluble drug combination treatment resulted in complete survival. Spectrum 4, VMBF-0016-2015. HIV primarily targets CD4+ T cells (Fig. 16, 1 (2021). Molla, A., Yamamoto, T., Akaike, T., Miyoshi, S. & Maeda, H. Activation of hageman factor and prekallikrein and generation of kinin by various microbial proteinases. Control. J. Pharm. c, Nanocarriers can be loaded or surface functionalized with moieties that disrupt quorum sensing or the biofilm matrix. In murine skin infection models of S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus biofilms, nitric oxide-releasing nanoparticles decreased overall wound bacterial burden compared with both unloaded nanoparticles and the control group39. In rats, the optimized nanoparticle formulation was bioequivalent to lopinavir dissolved in alcohol and propylene glycol99. 7, 131148 (2018). However, the improved tissue concentrations were observed only within the first hour of administration, and not at later times. was supported in part by the Karl van Tassel (1925) Career Development Professorship at MIT, the Department of Mechanical Engineering, MIT and the Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Womens Hospital. This is followed by the formation of new copies of the viral RNA and proteins, which assemble into new viral particles that can infect new cells. Because of the prolonged and frequent dosing, and side effects, patients find it difficult to adhere to these regimens and are at risk of developing drug-resistant strains4. Furthermore, in the event that these systems are applied orally, it may be important to understand the stability of the peptides in the enzyme-rich gastrointestinal environment. A malaria vaccine adjuvant based on recombinant antigen binding to liposomes. Aspherical and spherical InvA497-functionalized nanocarriers for intracellular delivery of anti-infective agents. Second, the synthesis and storage conditions of some nanoparticles may not be conducive to conditions in low-resource countries141. However, these studies were carried out in an uninfected model, and therapeutic efficacy was not studied. Annu. A landscape of nanomedicine innovations in India. Nanocarriers functionalized with sugar moieties can highjack this uptake mechanism and enhance uptake into tissue-resident macrophages. Beyrer, C., Wirtz, A. L., OHara, G., Lon, N. & Kazatchkine, M. The expanding epidemic of HIV-1 in the Russian Federation. In contrast, for malaria and TB, nanotechnology has been pursued with less gusto. Their work focuses on addressing autoimmune disorders like inflammatory bowel disease, which includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis and affects more than 3 million Americans, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 532, 555572 (2017). Excipients used in nanosystems, such as lyoprotectants, can increase the cost of many treatments. Teirlinck et al. Health system barriers to implementation of TB preventive strategies in South African primary care facilities. 352, 15651577 (2005). The authors found that the PLGA nanoparticles had a similar knockdown efficiency to lipoplexes, but elicited lower inflammation (as observed by measuring neutrophil invasion using immunohistochemistry). Despite higher cell uptake of pH-insensitive liposomes, they showed inferior activity to the pH-sensitive formulation. North Am. Leakage out of the vaginal tract was highest for uncoated nanoparticles (~13% of the dose within 0.5h). Pai, M. Global health technologies: time to re-think the trickle down model. What Is Vaccine Nanotechnology? - engineeringonline.ucr.edu In contrast, after treatment with the soluble drug alone, only 12% of the drug was recovered in the RES tissues. Olsthoorn, A. V. et al. 9, 4518 (2018). Drug Deliv. Article Pathogen resistance is a critical and ever-growing obstacle to treatment of IDs. High mortality rates are associated with lower respiratory infections, diarrhoea, tuberculosis (TB), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and malaria (Fig. Castoldi, A. et al. J. Pharmacol. volume16,pages 369384 (2021)Cite this article. These can include designing nanocarriers to selectively target other Plasmodium stages, such as at the parasite stage in the liver or during the transmissible sexual stages. Conjugating ligands that bind these targets to the surface of nanocarriers can increase their accumulation in diseased sites (Fig. Artemether and lumefantrine are well accepted as a combination therapy for treating uncomplicated malaria, yet the current marketed formulation degrades in the gastrointestinal tract, leading to unpredictable pharmacokinetics. Nanotechnology could make our food tastier and healthier but can we stomach it? Nat. c, Coating nanocarriers with ligands that bind receptors on the surface of infected host cells (right) or pathogens (left) have also been used for increasing drug targeting. Finally, we discuss challenges to translating these technologies from the laboratory to the clinic. Vaginal lavage, which presumably enabled collection of the mucous layer, was rich in the mucoadhesive avidin-coated nanoparticles. 47). Nanoantibiotics: a new paradigm for treating infectious diseases using nanomaterials in the antibiotics resistant era. Global Tuberculosis (TB) Treatment Market Report 2023-2031: Increasing The gametocytes further develop into gametes, zygotes, ookinetes, oocysts and finally sporozoites, which can resume the cycle of human infection when they migrate to the mosquitos salivary glands and are injected into another human during a blood meal148. J. Innovative and cost-effective nanotechnologies that take into consideration the challenges that are encountered low SDI countries are most likely to benefit patients. Long-acting injectable antiretrovirals are the most clinically advanced nanotechnology in HIV treatment. Researchers will need to enable the reproducibility and bulk production while considering the environmental effects of these nanosystems. Unfortunately, clinical trials for these infectious diseases (IDs) are also lagging compared with conditions such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases (Fig. Han, C. et al. The management of several IDs involves chronic treatment, which places a major burden on the patient and the health care system. RTS,S Clinical Trials Partnership. In comparison with the free drug, the targeted liposomes showed a 23-fold higher bioavailability in the alveolar macrophages. Hence, perhaps for nanotechnology to benefit the patient, it needs to satisfy certain tenets such as simplicity in design, clinical need and financial enthusiasm. Biomed. J. Both nanosuspensions were safe and devoid of major adverse effects88. It works on nano scale level ranging from 0 to 100 nanometers. Release 75, 347355 (2001). Commun. In their Review in this issue, Kirtane and colleagues overview the nano-based approaches that might improve treatment of these diseases, considering the basic scientific aspects typically linked to infectious diseases (such as the rise of drug resistant pathogens and poor drug availability on infection sites) and those that are associated with their management. Labouta, H. I. et al. Ahmad, Z. 485, 138151 (2015). Nanocarrier systems can be designed to evade physical and chemical mechanisms for microbial drug resistance. Main Infections are a dominant contributor to the global disease burden. 4a). Furthermore, they found that nanoparticles were able to decrease Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation by >70% compared with untreated controls35. IDs are a major driver of morbidity and mortality globally, and their impact on low SDI countries is particularly grave. Mater. Kovarova, M. et al. Control. Mol. The half-life of the liposome-encapsulated drug in mouse lungs was about double that of the free drug (~3h versus ~1.5h). Estimated half-lives of rilpivirine and cabotegravir in nanosuspensions were 4461days (ref. Along the same lines, Hamad-Schifferli and Gomez-Marquez advocate in their Comment a home-grown approach that involves end users in the design, development and optimization of nanotechnology innovations, as opposed to the use of black box technologies that create dependency from the manufacturing lab, with associated costs and lack of flexibility. Melariri, P. et al. Wound Repair Regen. AD cells encompass tangles of twisted strands of aggregated microtubule binding proteins surrounded by plaques. 3.1. Nanotechnology can aid to fight against COVID-19, infectious diseases in general, as well as future pandemics. This phenomenon has been exploited for targeting anti-infectives to sites of infection. Nanotechnol.) Ensign and colleagues showed that PEGylated PLGA nanoparticles dosed in a hypotonic solution were rapidly taken up into vaginal folds via advection26. Modulating material type, shape, size and flexibility might extend vaccine durability in vivo and improve trafficking to the right biological tissues and cellular compartments. Although nanoencapsulation may enhance drug accumulation at sites of infection, there are certain limitations when translating from rodent models to humans. Development of an oral once-weekly drug delivery system for HIV antiretroviral therapy. Smiramoth, N. et al. But not so complex that it becomes difficult to understand the mechanisms involved. Carryn, S. et al. Joshi, M., Pathak, S., Sharma, S. & Patravale, V. Solid microemulsion preconcentrate (NanOsorb) of artemether for effective treatment of malaria. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating disease of the aging population characterized by the progressive and slow brain decay due to the formation of extracellular plaques in the hippocampus. 134, 43554362 (2012). Drug Deliv. Cabotegravir16 and rilpivirine17 were chosen owing to their efficacy at low oral doses and low water solubility. Eng. J. Antimicrob. Ford, S. L. et al. Mucolytic agents, such as N-acetyl cysteine, can be used to improve the penetration of nanocarriers by reducing disulphide bonds in mucous. Adv. One strategy for treating wound infections is the application of silver solutions using a cotton gauge. Immunization by a bacterial aerosol. Curr. & Saltzman, W. M. In vivo distribution of surface-modified PLGA nanoparticles following intravaginal delivery. & Ho, R. J. Y. Anti-HIV drug-combination nanoparticles enhance plasma drug exposure duration as well as triple-drug combination levels in cells within lymph nodes and blood in primates. The more we learn about bio-nano science or how materials interact with biology on the nanoscale the easier it will be to design nanoparticles that behave like we want them to. Shaaban, M. I., Shaker, M. A. From smallpox to polio, diphtheria to COVID-19, vaccines have prevented more deaths from infectious disease than any other medical treatment. Given that bedaquiline was the first new drug approved in more than 40years (ref. Within minutes, the sporozoites reach the liver, where they invade hepatocytes and proliferate to form merozoites. Adv. Nanoformulation of multiple combined drugs is an efficient method for designing innovative therapeutics and can prevent resistance of the malaria parasite. Labouta and colleagues68 reverse engineered this mechanism on the surface of liposomes by conjugating them to the C-terminal fragment of the invasinInvA497. Clemens, D. L. et al. Antimicrob. 1. and G.T. 1, 1000003 (2014). J. Nanobiotechnol. have a financial interest in Lyndra Therapeutics, Inc., a biotechnology company focused on the development of encapsulated gastric resident systems for extended drug delivery. It remains to be seen whether the need for chronic visits to a clinic deters patient adherence. Further studies of parasite resistance and in vivo testing of these systems will be needed, while potentially prioritizing heparinliposome formulations due to their cheaper cost. Urban, P. & Fernandez-Busquets, X. Nanomedicine against malaria. Mucus-penetrating nanoparticles for vaginal drug delivery protect against herpes simplex virus. Mohiti-Asli, M., Pourdeyhimi, B. Marie Curie Research Fellow, Imperial College London, Professor and ARC Australian Laureate Fellow, The University of Melbourne. Pulmonary delivery is an attractive route for the treatment of respiratory infections as it may enable greater on-target drug exposure. Most polymer-based nucleic acid and protein delivery systems are inspired by initial work done by Langer and Folkman70, which showed that macromolecules such as proteins could be encapsulated in small polymer-based carriersa system deemed unlikely to work due to the use of organic solvents during synthesis and the perceived imperviousness of polymers to macromolecules71. The reader will glean that nanotechnology has been most actively studied in the clinic and in large animals for the treatment and prevention of HIV infection (Table 1). Local injection of anti-protein A-functionalized nanoparticles was observed to be nearly twice as effective at killing S. aureus in murine cutaneous infection models compared with the control57. J. To enable sustained release of nitric oxide, which has a short half-life, Duong et al.35 conjugated nitric oxide with star-shaped polymers. Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that is caused by the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques in the brain. Shaaban et al. The pathogenesis of AD is associated with the formation of amyloid- (A ) plaques extracellularly and neurofibrillary tangles intracellularly [ 4, 5 ]. J. Pharm. Williams, P. E., Crauwels, H. M. & Basstanie, E. D. Formulation and pharmacology of long-acting rilpivirine. In the drug-resistant model, the dose of the drug combination was increased compared with that used in the drug-sensitive modelthe dose of ceftazidime was 4-fold higher, and that of gentamicin was 66-fold higher. April 17, 2022. Biochim. 14, 282295 (2012). Allen, T. M. & Cullis, P. R. Liposomal drug delivery systems: from concept to clinical applications. An alternative strategy to enhance vaginal retention is to administer nanoparticles embedded in films. Rev. J. Unfortunately, due to the low uptake of artemisinin in parasite-infected red blood cells (RBCs), these drugs provide only symptomatic relief at low doses103. It is estimated that 1.7 billion people, or 23% of the worlds population, have latent TB. Sharma, A., Pandey, R., Sharma, S. & Khuller, G. K. Chemotherapeutic efficacy of poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticle encapsulated antitubercular drugs at sub-therapeutic dose against experimental tuberculosis. Detecting diseases at an early stage, diagnosing genetic predispositions and even treating cancer cells directly, such are the applications for a technology . NeXstar Pharmaceuticals developed MiKasomesa liposomal formulation of amikacin14, a drug requiring frequent dosing and continuous therapeutic monitoring. Following this initial proof-of-concept with polymers, encapsulation of RNA in lipid carriers72, and their utility in vaccination73, was demonstrated. Nanoparticles-in-film for the combined vaginal delivery of anti-HIV microbicide drugs. CAS 298, 369375 (2001). Nanotechnology can also improve the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble antimalarials, such artemether and tafenoquine. J. This technology can also minimize the alreadymentioned side effects after delivering transplanted stem cells to treat liver diseases. Control. Google Scholar. Pandey, R., Zahoor, A., Sharma, S. & Khuller, G. K. Nanoparticle encapsulated antitubercular drugs as a potential oral drug delivery system against murine tuberculosis.

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