[8] This term was introduced by Sephardic Jews in the 17th century in the French West Indies (Guadeloupe and Martinique), who spoke Judeo-Spanish and owned sugar plantations worked by enslaved Africans, who produced sugarcane crops, until they were expelled by Louis XIV in 1685 as part of the Code Noir. (2006). A network of rhizomes forms under the soil which sends up secondary shoots near the parent plant. (1980). Conservation of indigenous plants to support community livelihoods: the MGUUseful Plants Project. Facultade de Ciencias, UNAM. The book suggests that community and small-scale food forests can provide a real alternative to intensive industrialised agriculture, and help to combat the many inter-related environmental crises that threaten the very future of life on Earth. Acta Biolgica Colombiana, 11(2), 137-146. New York Botanic Garden Press, New York. Follow the directions on the seed packet and you should see germination in two weeks. 1-3. Flora of Singapore 7: 1-525. Flore (Angiospermes) de la Rpublique de Guine. Bahamas, https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.501.2.1. Gard. Census of the Flora of the Gambier islands, Polynesia. Troupin, G. Biotypes with smaller chromosome numbers are typically distributed in north India, whilst those with higher ploidy levels are distributed in eastern India and further south in Indonesia. It is a perennial or rhizomatous geophyte and grows primarily in the seasonally dry tropical biome. The major commercial cultivars are complex hybrids. [66] In areas with a slope greater than 11%, it is also recommended that zero tillage or cane strip planting are implemented to help prevent soil loss. Gramies des pasturages et des cultures a Madagascar: 1-440. [60] It is not currently a commercial crop, but a few growers find ready sales for their product. Sugarcane accounts for 79% of sugar produced globally (most of the rest is made from sugar beets). RHS Plants for Pollinators plants. Leaves and sheaths of some varieties are covered with a large number of siliceous hairs. Although sugar cane is commercially grown (not species plants but complex hybrids involving several different species) around the world for production of sugar (in the U.S. principally in Florida, Louisiana, Texas and Hawaii), it is also now beginning to enter the world of horticulture through cultivars featuring colorful stems and leaves. (eds.) (2019). If you have important information about this plant that may help other users please add a comment or link below. Adapting agriculture to climate change: a global initiative to collect, conserve, and use crop wild relatives. By the 10th century, sources state that every village in Mesopotamia grew sugarcane. (eds.) The sweet juice in the stem is used to treat snakebite and wounds from poison arrows[348 ]. (2006). Ndabaneze, P. (1989). Leeward Is., [37], Sugarcane can be grown on many soils ranging from highly fertile, well-drained mollisols, through heavy cracking vertisols, infertile acid oxisols and ultisols, peaty histosols, to rocky andisols. Linares, E.L., Galeano, G., Garca, N. & Figueroa, Y. Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, and other islands. Niue, On the node, there is a leaf scar, an axillary bud and a . In some countries the plant is intercropped with indigo or other leguminous plants between the rows when the canes are first planted. West Himalaya, & Renvoize, S.A. (2018). 12: 154 (1855), nom. Nicobar Is., In the 18th century, sugarcane plantations began in the Caribbean, South American, Indian Ocean, and Pacific island nations. Indian Journal of Forestry 32: 657-668. & Camus, A. in H. Lecomte (1922). Grasses of West Tripura district, Tripura, India. A key to Pacific Grasses: 1-107. nud. Marianas, Trim the tops of the stalks where there's a low concentration of sugar. Flora of Japan IVa: 1-430. (1991) Plant Resources of South-East Asia. It can also be manufactured into alcohol for used as a fuel in combustion engines. & Gupta, B.K. Flora of Iraq 9: 1-588. The average yield of cane stalk is 6070 tonnes per hectare (2428long ton/acre; 2731short ton/acre) per year, but this figure can vary between 30 and 180 tonnes per hectare depending on knowledge and crop management approach used in sugarcane cultivation. [26] The Portuguese introduced sugarcane to Brazil. Description:saccharum officinarum extract is an extract of the sugar cane, saccharum officinarum l., poaceae CAS #:91722-22-4 | EC #:294-424-5 Details Also known as Sugarcane, Saccharum Officinarum is a handy moisturizing ingredientmostly used as a humectant. & Williamson, H. (2006 onwards). Lisowski, S. (2009). Flore des Mascareignes 203: 1-276. [43][44] Sesamia grisescens is a major pest in Papua New Guinea and so is a serious concern for the Australian industry were it to cross over. Panam, Prefers a pH in the range 5 - 8, but can tolerate 4.5 - 9[418 ]. [9] As its specific name (officinarum, "of dispensaries") implies, it is also used in traditional medicine both internally and externally. It can be used as a sweet, refreshing drink, though it is more commonly concentrated to make syrups or dried to make sugar, molasses etc[46 ]. High sugar results from S. officinarum and the resistance genes from S. spontaneum. Atoll Research Bulletin 58: 1-37. We are currently updating this section. Well-grown plants can become invasive[200 ]. [52], At least 20,000 people are estimated to have died of chronic kidney disease in Central America in the past two decades most of them sugarcane workers along the Pacific coast. Food Plants International. Robyns, W. (1929). [34] In primary growing regions across the tropics and subtropics, sugarcane crops can produce over 15kg/m2 of cane. Bloom Color: White/Near White. Plunkett, G.M., Ranker, T.A., Sam, C. & Balick, M.J. (2022). Cuba, (2009). However, watering can be reduced if you plan to harvest mature stems. From New Guinea it spread westwards to Island Southeast Asia after contact with Austronesians, where it hybridized with S. (2017). Meikle, R.D. Bone char or coal-based activated carbon is traditionally used in this role. Subtropical region - It is cultivated in tropical fields. Brazil Southeast, Flora und Fauna der Comoren: 428-480. de Cordemoy, E.J. https://doi.org/10.15472/7avdhn. Tuamotu, Sugar cane is known for being an energy-hungry plant. (1973). (PDF) Pharmacognostical Exploration of Saccharum officinarum (2015). Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta. Cameroon, [50][51] Coating seeds with the bacteria is a newly developed technology that can enable every crop species to fix nitrogen for its own use. Flora of Ethiopia 7: ixx, 1420. Rwanda, Boissiera 58: 1-401. Galpagos, They adopted and then spread sugarcane agriculture. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C., U.S.A. Wood, J.R.I. suc. Papuans and Austronesians originally primarily used sugarcane as food for domesticated pigs. Bagasse, the residual dry fiber of the cane after cane juice has been extracted, is used for several purposes:[58]. Sugarcane is used for producing ethanol and raw sugar; thus, this valuable crop is grown around the world . ORSTOM, Bangui. Saccharum officinarum - Plant Finder - Missouri Botanical Garden Thus, the solar energy-to-ethanol conversion efficiency is 0.13%. Place a mound of soil over the plant's "stubble" to protect it from cold weather. Sugar Maple, Florida Maple, Hard Maple, Rock Maple, Big-Tooth Maple, Canyon Maple, Rocky Mountain Sugar Maple. Henty, E.E. Germplasm Resources Information Network from the United States Department of Agriculture. Each ton of b&c yields 740 kg of juice (135 kg of sucrose and 605 kg of water) and 260 kg of moist bagasse (130 kg of dry bagasse). Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) is the most exclusively cultivated and India is the second largest producer country next to Brazil. (1995). & Fonseca, R.M. Dempewolf, H., Eastwood, R. J., Guarino, L., Khoury, C. K., Mller, J. V. & Toll, J. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. As in a sugar mill, the sugar crystals are separated from the molasses by centrifuging. IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants Status : This taxon has not yet been assessed. Scripta Botanica Belgica 41: 1-517. Its purpose is to wash away the sugar crystals' outer coating, which is less pure than the crystal interior. Sugarcane - Wikipedia Cienfuegos Cuba: 68 (1927), nom. This is equivalent to 0.86 W per square meter. Caroline Is., An important new book from PFAF. Please note that a plant may be invasive in one area but may not in your area so its worth checking. (2020). Flore Analytique du Togo Phanrogames: 1-751. Kandwal, M.K. Soil: L = light (sandy) M = medium H = heavy (clay). An update on grass flora of Uttarkhand. As the shoots develop, the parent stem decays and the young plants produce roots of their own[459 ]. Tubuai Is., For gardeners living in warmer regions, these plants can become invasive with the right conditions, so proper maintenance and consideration of where they are being planted will be important. Grows best in a sunny position. (2019). [3], Sucrose (table sugar) is extracted from sugarcane in specialized mill factories. Mat. Verlag und Versandbuchhandlung Andreas Kleinsteuber. Boulvert, Y. [4], Saccharum officinarum and its hybrids are grown for the production of sugar, ethanol, and other industrial uses in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. A species of plants native to the state that are in imminent danger of extinction within the state, the survival of which is unlikely if the causes of a decline in the number of plants continue, and includes all species determined to be endangered or threatened pursuant to the Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended. World Checklist of Useful Plant Species. The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vols. Central African Repu, ReferencesCarbon Farming Information andCarbon Sequestration Information. Davidse, G. & al. Sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum) is a tall, clump-forming perennial grass with long, thick stems filled with sweet sap. Yemen, Gilbert Is., It was a standard of quality. (2021). Saccharum officinarum produces the highest number of calories per sq. The stems range in color from red to purple . Modern sugarcane cultivars are derived essentially from interspecific hybridisations involving different Saccharum species (Simmonds, 1976; Daniels and Roach, 1987 ). The cane delivered to the processing plant is called burned and cropped (b&c), and represents 77% of the mass of the raw cane. You can successfully grow sugar cane as a perennial if you live in a warm region that, ideally, receives a lot of precipitation. Saccharum Officinarum - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics ; Saccharum sinense Roxb. [75] Using Mauritius as a reference, an annual potential of 10,000 GWh of additional electricity could be produced throughout Africa. & Williamson, H. (2006). It has been used as a sweetening agent for past era and also. Beginning around 6,000 BP, several strains were selectively bred from the native Saccharum robustum. Guatemala, Tuvalu, The purified syrup is then concentrated to supersaturation and repeatedly crystallized in a vacuum, to produce white refined sugar. Cook Is., Lebrun, J.P. (1973). (eds.) Fundacin Instituto Botnico de Venezuela. Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du Congo, ed. Cooperative Extension, which staffs local offices in all 100 counties and with the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians. Exell, A.W. Pigs fed on sugarcane juice and a soy-based protein supplement produced stronger piglets that grew faster than those on a more conventional diet. A number of countries, in particular those lacking fossil fuels, have implemented energy conservation and efficiency measures to minimize the energy used in cane processing, and export any excess electricity to the grid. Average cane production is, therefore, 58 tons of b&c per hectare per year. Brazil West-Central, Scripta Botanica Belgica 2: 1-153. [55][56] Refineries, often located nearer to consumers in North America, Europe, and Japan, then produce refined white sugar, which is 99% sucrose. About 70% of the sugar produced comes from Saccharum officinarum and its hybrids. Madagascar, Guinea-Bissau, Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192. [66][67], Sugarcane cultivation can also result in soil compaction, which is caused by the use of heavy, infield machinery. We rely on donations from our users to keep maintaining and extending our free-to-use database of over 8000 edible and useful plants. New Caledonia, (eds.) Flora of Cyprus 2: 833-1970. Ribbon cane is a subtropical type that was once widely grown in the Southern United States, as far north as coastal North Carolina. (eds.). It originated in New Guinea, [1] and is now cultivated in tropical and subtropical countries worldwide for the production of sugar, ethanol and other products. Ahmed, Z.U. [68] Additionally, since large amounts of soil are removed with the crop during harvest, significant washing occurs during the processing phase. The grass can potentially contract root rot, whip smut, red stripe (top rot), and viral problems such as ratoon stunting and grassy shoot disease, which both stunt the growth of the sugar cane plant. Blackstrap molasses is sold as a food and dietary supplement. Md. It can also result in sediments and other pollutants being washed into aquatic habitats, which can result in a wide range of environmental issues, including eutrophication and acidification. Towards a checklist of the vascular flora of Vanuatu. The planthopper insect Eumetopina flavipes acts as a virus vector, which causes the sugarcane disease ramu stunt. The fruits are dry and each one contains a single seed. Lineamenta Florae Koreae: 1-1688. Saccharum L. 6: 378379. To produce granulated sugar, in which individual grains do not clump, sugar must be dried, first by heating in a rotary dryer, and then by blowing cool air through it for several days. It was introduced to Polynesia, Island Melanesia, and Madagascar in prehistoric times via Austronesian sailors. Ministry of Agriculture & Agrarian Reform, Baghdad. There are three types of sugar cane. Plants for malaria, plants for fever: Medicinal species in Latin America, a bibliographic survey: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. nud. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, sex (including pregnancy), disability, religion, sexual orientation, gender identity, and veteran status. The first sugar harvest happened in Hispaniola in 1501; many sugar mills were constructed in Cuba and Jamaica by the 1520s. Potential insect problems include moth caterpillars, borers, termites, spittlebugs, mealybugs and beetles. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 9: 1-724. The reason for this reduction is that the stalks are separated from the leaves (which are burned and whose ashes are left in the field as fertilizer), and from the roots that remain in the ground to sprout for the next crop. The conditions where the indentured servants worked were frequently abysmal, owing to a lack of care among the planters. The core of fresh stems is chewed as a sweet refreshment[301 ]. The grass is harvested commercially for many uses, including making sugar and molasses, but it also makes an excellent privacy screen, border, accent, or focal point in a home garden. Fig. It was also spread westward and northward by around 3,000 BP to China and India by Austronesian traders, where it further hybridized with S. sinense and S. barberi. [failed verification][41]. The resulting 'noble canes' were those grown in . Flora of the Arabian peninsula and Socotra 5(1): 1-387. Fosberg, F.R. The stalk or culm consists of alternating nodes and internodes. Saccharum officinarum, known as sugar cane, is a large tufted perennial grass that is probably native to Southeast Asia. (2010). Ghazanfar, S.A. (1992). More >>>. Flora de Nicaragua. The roots develop from the growth ring on the original planting piece and also from the new shoots that develop. The spikelets are borne on side branches and are about .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}3 millimetres (18in) long and are concealed in tufts of long, silky hair. The foliage colors vary depending on the cultivar, but the grass tends to be large and richly green with very sharp edges that require care when handling. Modern sugarcane varieties all contain the blood relationship of Saccharum officinarum and Saccharum spontaneum. Flora of Okinawa and the southern Ryukyu islands: 1-1159. The stems grow into cane stalk, which when mature, constitutes around 75% of the entire plant. Newman, M., Ketphanh, S., Svengsuksa, B., Thomas, P., Sengdala, K., Lamxay, V. & Armstrong, K. (2007).
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