Volumes 44 (1), 70437048. 43, 373378. First released in 1995,THERMOFLEX has been undercontinuous development ever since.Today, THERMOFLEX is the mostwell-proven fully-flexible heatbalance program available.The icon toolkit includes all thecomponent models and fluidproperties needed to build solarthermal power plant models. Fuel 153, 707716. Kunkel, P., and Mehrmann, V. (2006). The methodology has been applied to several real-world problems with up to 35 streams, such as the design and HEN of a NGCC, ORCs for different applications, IGCC, and integrated lignite and biomass-to-jet fuel production plant via gasification and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, to demonstrate a considerable improvement in solution quality and CPU time over state-of-the-art. Gas Turbine Combined Cycle Start-Up and Stress Evaluation: A Simplified Dynamic Approach. The results show that the model is reliable and the maximum error is 1.47%. Parametric Optimization of the Thermodynamic Cycle Design for Supercritical Steam Power Plants. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2014.03.053, Bany Ata, A., Alobaid, F., Heinze, C., Almoslh, A., Sanfeliu, A., and Epple, B. In mathematics such a class of problems is called fixed point problems. Dynamic Simulation of a HRSG System for a Given Start-Up/Shut Down Curve, in Paper presented at the ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Denver, CO, USA, November 1117, 2011. Eng. Therm. Waste Management 33 (11), 24162424. doi:10.1145/368861.368871. Process Control. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.11.099. TABLE 6. Eng. (2018a). Experimentally validated axisymmetric simulation for thermo-fluid - The black-box approach: the optimization algorithm is kept at a higher hierarchical level than the simulation equations Eq. Lappalainen, J., Blom, H., and Juslin, K. (2012). Florence: economiche. Sustainable Energ. Appl. Analysis of the Dynamic Characteristics of a Combined-Cycle Power Plant. As a general criterion, increasing the plant size, more expensive and efficient designs are used to minimize the levelized cost of electricity. Cellier, F. E., and Kofman, E. (2006). The model was validated with measurements at steady-state operational points for 70, 80, 94.4, and 100% load. Here, the dynamic simulation models are of high relevance for the optimization of the start-up progress without exceeding the threshold values. The calculated thermal stresses combined with pressure stresses were applied to evaluate the material fatigue caused by start-up and shutdown cycles. (2011). Computer-aided plant simulation approaches have been developed first by the chemical engineering community since the late 70s. It is important to notice that the part-load assessment is today very important for steam cycle power plants which are asked to provide reserve capacity and balancing services (e.g., spinning reserve, frequency control, secondary reserve) to the electricity market. Chem. (2017) introduced a comprehensive dynamic simulation model of a coal-fired power plant using ThermalPower Library by Modelon. Three factors are essential to assess the practical flexibility of a thermal power plant: shut-down/start-up time, maximum load gradient (positive and negative), and minimum load. In 2018, the total share of worldwide electricity generation based on renewable energy sources (mainly wind power, solar, and hydropower) was 28% and this will expand to reach approximately 49% in 2050 according to the International Energy Agency (IEA). The steady-state process models do not require control structures and mathematically are based on mass, momentum, species, and energy balances without the consideration of the time derivations. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.01.065. ), literature cost correlations (see e.g., (Turton et al., 2008; Carcasci et al., 2015; Elsido et al., 2019)), dedicated commercial software packages (e.g., PEACE (Thermoflow, 2021), Aspen economics (Aspen Tech, 2021)), or quotations from manufacturers are used. Applying first principles and using thermodynamic simulation, we identify issues causing power plant performance degradations and quantify the plant efficiency gains/losses due to plant operating. Chem. Indeed, optimizing the cycle configuration and the HEN arrangement involves binary decisions (installing or not installing HXs, drums, pressure levels, turbine sections, etc). On the other hand, computational efficiency is the main disadvantage of the black-box approach: 1) the output of the plant simulation software is typically non-smooth and affected by numerical noise making it necessary to adopt derivative-free optimization algorithms (Martelli and Amaldi, 2014) (e.g., pattern search, simplex/complex, scatter search, evolutionary algorithms) which have slower convergence rates (or no convergence guarantees in case of meta-heuristic algorithms) compared to gradient-based algorithms (Conn et al., 2009), 2) each plant simulation is time-consuming and several hundreds of plant simulations are required to reach convergence of the optimization algorithm (Martelli and Amaldi, 2014). doi:10.1016/s1474-6670(17)50423-1, Manassaldi, J. I., Arias, A. M., Scenna, N. J., Mussati, M. C., and Mussati, S. F. (2016). Other studies analyzed the dynamic behavior of the central receiver and linear Fresnel reflector systems. Management 145, 324334. For single-phase flow components (e.g., superheater, turbine section, and economizer), the three characteristic fluid variables are the local pressure, the total mass flux, and the fluid temperature or the fluid enthalpy for subcooled water or superheated steam. 18, 100512. doi:10.1016/j.tsep.2020.100512, Lawal, A., Wang, M., Stephenson, P., Koumpouras, G., and Yeung, H. (2010). Frnc-, 5P. 161, 13381351. 33, 217. Convers. Centralized power generation with carbon capture on (1988). Comput. Energy 29 (12-15), 22392251. Convers. However, these white-box dynamic process simulation models require detailed information on the process and its control structures. In this paper, the flow field, especially the dynamic variation characteristics of the particles, in a two-dimensional rolling fluidized bed, is investigated using the numerical simulation method. The first works are the sequential synthesis approaches proposed in (Duran and Grossmann, 1986; Marchal and Kalitventzeff, 1998; Mar chal and Kalitventzeff, 1999; Papoulias and Grossmann, 1983; Papoulias and Grossmann, 1983c): In the first step a targeting method is used to determine the optimal cycle configuration and steam flow rates (without dealing with the combinatorial problem associated with the design of the HEN) and, in a second step, the HEN is optimized (for fixed steam and utility mass flow rates). In the following sections, the dynamic process simulation models applied to fossil-based and renewable-based steam cycles will be shown. OSTI. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-76234-0, Alobaid, F., Peters, J., Amro, R., and Epple, B. Aviso et al. Appl. Comput. TABLE 2. Therm. On the other hand, it shares the same disadvantages of the equation-oriented mode for simulation (need of proving a good starting guess for all variables, convergence issues in case of poor starting guesses/ill-conditioned problems/Jacobian singularity, the limited possibility of debugging). Modelling and Dynamic Simulation of Cyclically Operated Pulverized Coal-Fired Power Plant in Proceedings of The 9th EUROSIM Congress on Modelling and Simulation, EUROSIM 2016, The 57th SIMS Conference on Simulation and Modelling SIMS 2016, Oulu, Finland, September 1216, 2016. If all variables are continuous (real), the problem is called NonLinear Program (NLP). The peculiarity of the model is to allow utility/Rankine cycle streams to be part of the well-known SYNHEAT HEN superstructure (Yee and Grossmann, 1990) with the same freedom in terms of matching options as process streams (see Figure 7). (2019). (2020a) and Elsido et al. Process Control. J. Greenhouse Gas Control. Nowadays, steam cycles are used in a wide range of power plants such as waste to energy plants (WTE), biomass-fired plants, concentrated solar power plants (CSP), Integrated Gasification Combined Cycles (IGCCs), Integrated reforming combined cycles (IRCCs), Integrated Solar combined cycles (ISCC), Integrated waste-to-energy combined cycles, poly-generation plants (Elsido et al., 2019) for the coproduction of electricity, synfuels and heat, combined heat and power plants and tailored steam cycles providing steam and heat to process industries (often referred to steam networks or steam utility systems). For the sake of clarity, the review is arranged in three parts. Fast Nonlinear Model Predictive Control: Formulation and Industrial Process Applications. Energy 27 (12), 10851098. 3 (21), 10951131. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2018.08.167, Taler, J., Wglowski, B., Taler, D., Sobota, T., Dzierwa, P., Trojan, M., et al. At the early stage of development, the dynamic process simulation models of coal-fired power plants are used to reach higher efficiency and to reduce emissions at off-design operation points as well as to investigate the system behavior during malfunction cases (e.g., steam turbine trip, blackout, failure in feed water preheaters or pumps). Heat Exchanger Network Synthesis. The "specific application" program includes specific tools that focus on one type of device. Appl. Also, multi-period optimization approaches have been proposed for steam cycles and steam networks to find designs able to work in the expected operating modes/loads with high efficiency. However, there are key challenges in modeling power plant dynamics such as the required information on the process and its control (e.g., detailed geometry data and specifications of the process components as well as the control circuits and the controller parameters including gain, integration time, and derivation time). Experimentally validated axisymmetric simulation for thermo-fluid performance of an active flat-plate solar water heater at low flow rates. Development and Validation of a Dynamic Simulation Model for a Large Coal-Fired Power Plant. However, since the dynamic flexibility of steam cycles is also limited by thermo-mechanical stresses acting on thick-wall components (e.g., steam turbine shaft and case, boiler tube headers, drums, etc), this calls for the development of a multidisciplinary design optimization approach combining steady-state design models, dynamic plant models as well as detailed mechanical models of the most critical equipment units. Woodhead Publishing. The interested reader can find further details about steam cycles in ref. 64, 7188. 9 (4), 31873196. 49, 15011510. Comparison of Different Solar Plants Based on Parabolic through Technology. Therm. Modelling and Transient Simulation of a Supercritical Coal-Fired Power Plant: Dynamic Response to Extended Secondary Control Power Output. This results from the economy of scale on the capital cost, which allows increasing equipment number and sizes with limited penalization in the specific capital cost of the plant. Dynamic Simulations of Fresnel Solar Power Plants. (2017). While the steady-state optimization of steam cycle power plants has been well studied in literature and several optimization approaches are available, none of the reviewed works performs the combined optimization of cycle design, off-design operation, and plant dynamics (start-up/shut-down, ramping). Numerical Simulation for Next Generation Thermal Power Plants. AxCYCLE allows users to quickly and easily ORC design, analyze and optimize various thermodynamic cycles (thermodynamic simulation and heat balance calculations), including Waste . doi:10.1016/j.compchemeng.2013.11.015, Calise, F., dAccadia, M. D., Vicidomini, M., and Scarpellino, M. (2015). Appl. Examples of the commercial process and power plant simulation software based on the equation-oriented approach are gPROMS (2021) and Ebsilon Professiona (2021); Aspen Tech (2021) can employ both modes (sequential-modular or equation oriented). 162, 880891. (2012) presented a methodology for the dynamic simulation of HRSG during cold and warm start-up. In order to facilitate the simulation and assessment of different operational scenarios, two additional tools, namely ELINK and MACRO, integrated to the Thermoflow software, are used. doi:10.1016/s0005-1098(99)00171-5, Avagianos, I., Rakopoulos, D., Karellas, S., and Kakaras, E. (2020). Investigation on the Dynamic Behaviour of a Parabolic Trough Power Plant during Strongly Cloudy Days. Copyright 2021 Martelli, Alobaid and Elsido.
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