This is a Health Evidence Network (HEN) synthesis report assessing the clinical effects of daily exposure to mobile phones in general populations. The above results indicate a positive biological effect of microwave radiation and present a challenge with regard to how people can benefit from microwave radiation. 2006;27:11926. Gold PE. Gold PE. 2006;398:2537. Glucose is the main energy source and is closely related to brain neurotransmitters and cholesterol synthesis [106]. PubMed Central found that long-term treatment with a low dose of microwave radiation reduced the activity and the number of excitatory synapses. MicroRNAs: novel mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of microwave exposure on rats hippocampus. Dasdag et al. The article's subject is the investigation of electromagnetic fields (EMF) of the microwave frequency band in a typical human living environment, especially in shielded areas. Cassel JC, Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter radial-maze performance in rats. 2014;12:75. 1990;39:13543. The results indicated that repeated low-level exposure to extremely low frequency microwaves affects brain functioning and provide an additional approach to analyzing the underlying mechanisms. The biological effects of microwave and RF are difficult to quantify, but one method, which in-volves the determination of the relation-ship between the body mass-averaged Vecchio F, Babiloni C, Lizio R, Fallani FV, Blinowska K, Verrienti G, et al. Li Z, Peng RY, Wang SM, Wang LF, Gao YB, Ji D, et al. ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one. Brain Res Rev. Acta Neurol Belg. By using this website, you agree to our Military Med Res 4, 29 (2017). It has been suggested that there is an increased risk of glioma at the highest exposure levels, but biases and errors prevent causal interpretations of these data. Int J Radiat Biol. Spatial memory and learning performance and its relationship to protein synthesis of Swiss albino mice exposed to 10 GHz microwaves. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2016;53:210011. Rev Environ Health. Koivisto M, Revonsuo A, Krause C, Haarala C, Sillanmki L, Laine M, et al. Megha et al. Brain electrical activity originates from the membrane potential of the neuron itself and the fluctuation in membrane potential. It has been reported that microwave radiation can induce lipid peroxidation of cell membranes and produce apoptotic signals [74, 75]. NR2B plays a key role in LTP and was decreased from the 3rd to the 18th month post-treatment, and long-term exposure to high doses of radiation may therefore damage cognitive functions. Joubert V, Bourthoumieu S, Leveque P, Yardin C. Apoptosis is induced by radiofrequency fields through the caspase-independent mitochondrial pathway in cortical neurons. This damage plays a key role in the structural and functional changes that are accelerated by neuronal degeneration. Mosconi L, Tsui WH, Rusinek H, De Santi S, Li Y, Wang GJ, et al. California Privacy Statement, Kumar M, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. Myung SK, Ju W, McDonnell DD, Lee YJ, Kazinets G, Cheng CT, et al. A large amount of heat can be generated to caused severe damage to the body. Effect of microwave radiation on learning and memory. 2004;25:4957. 2012;21:6209. Microarray gene expression profiling of a human glioblastoma cell line exposed in vitro to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. One of the bad impacts a microwave has on humans, is that some of the acids in the food people put in the microwave, gets transformed into a type of acid which turns poisonous. : a biochemical study on mouse brain. Zhao L, Peng RY, Gao YB, Wang SM, Wang LF, Dong J, et al. Sanders AP, Joines WT. Brain Res. Conductors will strongly absorb microwaves and any lower frequencies because they will cause electric currents which will heat the material. Bioelectromagnetics. Article Wang LF, Tian DW, Li HJ, Gao YB, Wang CZ, Zhao L, et al. In 43% of devices, military personnel are not exposed to an electromagnetic field. Merola P, Marino C, Lovisolo G, Pinto R, Laconi C, Negroni A. Koch C, Zador A. The visual reaction time and short-term memory of healthy male and female workers at a radar site with a frequency range of 218GHz was recorded with a simple blind computer-assisted-visual reaction time test or modified Wechsler Memory Scale test. Google Scholar. 2013;17:711. 2003;11:346. J Sleep Res. However, most studies have not supported the conclusion that cell phones cause brain tumors [8,9,10,11,12]. 1996;93:46938. A significant increase in ROS levels and DNA fragmentation were observed only after the astrocytes were exposed to modulated EMF for 20min, perhaps as a result of hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors. as it have a harmful side. PubMed Chizhenkova R. Slow potentials and spike unit activity of the cerebral cortex of rabbits exposed to microwaves. Othman H, Ammari M, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Effects of prenatal exposure to WIFI signal (2.45 GHz) on postnatal development and behavior in rat: influence of maternal restraint. Sci Total Environ. Functional plasticity is affected in other ways, including the abnormal release and uptake of brain amino acids such as choline and monoamine neurotransmitters, a decrease in excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitudes and spikes in long-term potentiating (LTP) in the medial perforated pathway (MPP) in the dentate gyrus (DG) [27]. 2014;8:63. Zhao L, Sun C, Xiong L, Yang Y, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. & Hu, XJ. Ragozzino ME, Unick KE, Gold PE. Clinics. Effect of microwave electromagnetic fields on activity of energy metabolism cytochrome oxidase in cerebral cortical neurons of postnatal rats. Google Scholar. Dasdag S, Bilgin H, Akdag M, Celik H, Aksen F. Effect of long term mobile phone exposure on oxidative-antioxidative processes and nitric oxide in rats. Most bioassay and genotoxicity or mutation studies that have been performed in vitro have reported that exposure to microwave radiation at non-thermal levels does not have mutagenic/genotoxic/carcinogenic effects. Neuroreport. PubMed However, the problem with these studies is that different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, and power density of the radiation and the irradiation time, were used to evaluate microwave radiation between studies. Johnson OL, Ouimet CC. PubMed N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) is a tetramer composed of two NR1 and two NR2 subunits or two NR3 subunits that perform the functions of NMDAR [69, 70], and NMDAR plays key roles in synapse development, synaptic plasticity and neurological diseases. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). The SAR of the two groups were 0.303W/kg and 0.003W/kg. The Microwave signals in the food can cause water molecules to pulsate, generates heat to cook the food. The results showed that at 6h, 1 d and 3 d after exposure, the groups in which the average power density was 10mW/cm2 or 50mW/cm2 displayed significant deficits in spatial learning and memory. Int J Radiat Biol. 2009;158:12639. However, other reports have indicated that unlike ionizing radiation, the microwave radiation produced by mobile phones does not possess sufficient energy to directly damage DNA. [61] found that after pregnant rats were irradiated with 9.417GHz microwaves, the behavior of their offspring differed, and the outcome was sex-dependent. Singh et al. Mol Cell Biol. [49] found that microwave radiation enhanced brain wave energy, decreased brain wave frequency, and increased the amplitude and power of delta frequency bands, indicating a decrease in learning ability [50,51,52,53]. Oto R, Akda Z, Dada S, Celik Y. 1992;49:1818. JAMA. Google Scholar. Biol Chem. 2010;2010. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0. 2010;28:445. 2004;996:8996. Wang L, Peng R, Hu X, Gao Y, Wang S, Zhao L, et al. Chin J Indus Hyg. With the popularity of microwave technology, microwave effects on the human body have become a common topic of concern, and the central nervous system is recognized as a target organ system that is sensitive to microwave radiation. Therefore, their reproducibility and comparability are poor. The authors therefore proposed that synaptic conduction disorders are associated with damage to cognitive functions. Additionally, Larjabaara et al. Microwaves are widely used in households, industry, communications, and medical and military buildings, and they provide substantial contributions to the development of human society. Springer Nature. EEG is often used as a tool to diagnose Alzheimers disease [48]. 2011;107:35661. Int J Epidemiol. The frequencies of these devices are listed in Table1. [46] found that by excessively activating the NMDA receptor signaling pathway, microwaves undermine hippocampal synaptic plasticity, explaining the damage observed in learning and memory abilities in radiated rats. Nuclear pyknosis and capillary congestion are also observed. These results explain the genetic mechanisms by which microwave radiation induces damage to learning and memory. 2008;22:9927. Particularly, the dramatically increasing number of mobile phones users rise significant concerns due to its potential damage on people exposed by radiofrequency waves. Cite this article. However, its beneficial effects should not be ignored [26]. Biochem J. Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China, You can also search for this author in [14] found that gliomas are not preferentially located in the parts of the brain with the highest exposure. Clin Neurophysiol. The potential mechanisms underlying these damaging effects range from gene expression alterations in the respiratory chain, membrane damage, Ca2+ overloading, and DNA impairment [122,123,124,125,126,127,128]. RF energy has the ability to heat human tissue, much like the way that microwave ovens heat food, and can be hazardous if the exposure is sufficiently intense or prolonged. CAS Eliyahu I, Luria R, Hareuveny R, Margaliot M, Meiran N, Shani G. Effects of radiofrequency radiation emitted by cellular telephones on the cognitive functions of humans. 2010;39:67594. Google Scholar. Wang L, Li X, Peng R, Gao Y, Zhao L, Wang S, et al. Microwave frequencies for which the wavelengths are the same order of magnitude as the dimensions of human body produce close coupling between the body and the microwave field. CAS 2013;5:5500110. [104] found that exposure to a 1.9GHz pulse-modulated RF field for 4h at 0.1, 1.0, and 10W/kg did not affect gene expression in U87MG glioblastoma cells. For example, it can shorten reaction times so that people can better cope with danger. Ning W, Chiang H, Yang W. Effects of GSM 1800 MHz on dendritic development of cultured hippocampal neurons. 2013;89:11007. Bioelectromagnetics. However,. Verma et al. Some studies have proposed that miRNAs play important roles in nerve regeneration, neurodegenerative diseases, and the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma and schizophrenia [93,94,95]. [40] concluded that despite the differences in the conditions used in the experiments, space limitations and whether the wall of the maze was clear did not substantially influence outcomes.
Sammy Johnson Cause Of Death,
Moravian Funeral Liturgy,
Articles E