Read Section 43 of HSWA in Appendix P of these guidelines to find out about the specific duty of an erector (as a PCBU who installs, constructs or commissions plant or structures). requirements for additional reinforcement? Consider asking experienced workers who understand the risks involved in the work to assist with training. HSRs play an important role in keeping workers healthy and safe. Are loads and reach within the capacity of the crane? 2. Make sure that all design phases take health and safety into account. Concrete used in repairs should be essentially the same as the original concrete, except that the repair concrete should contain less water. There may be temporary works drawings covering bracing, propping, and arrangement of the elements in their final location. A levelling pad (concrete footing) or a level bearing area is used to provide a level seating for the shims, as shown in Figure 21. As noted earlier, use a minimum factor of safety of 5.0 for applications requiring repetitive lifting of a concrete element during its service life (such as a precast concrete road barrier). Fix bracing to the precast concrete element before lifting (where possible). 11 Adapted from images provided by McLeod Cranes Limited. Equipment should be inspected before use. Will training cover identification of hazards related to: handling, transporting, storing, and erecting precast concrete? This could be a PCBU or a principal employing contractors, for example. ductile behaviour and robustness of the anchor? In accordance with GRWM Regulations 24 and 25, a PCBU must manage risks associated with work being done under any raised or lifted object, and manage risks associated with falling objects. The PCBU must engage with workers carrying out the work and their representatives when developing the safe system of work. strengthen precast concrete elements while being lifted, support precast concrete elements during construction. Every safe system of work needs regular reviews. Concrete mass blocks, including those made of surplus concrete, may be used for a range of purposes on construction sites. monitoring workers health and workplace conditions to prevent injury or illness arising from the conduct of work. Other PCBUs on-site (See Section 2.1 of these guidelines), Table 5: Initial site assessment: What to consider. may have flexible end connections to adjust to different angles. with the crane controller, consider using a different crane. designer/s who contribute to the development of a safe system of work for the erection of precast or tilt panel concrete elements. Workers loading the rack should be able to see, or quickly access, the certificate and rating. The centre pin on all rolling blocks (with ball bearings or plain bearings) should be locked into position to stop rotation by using a retaining system, such as a bolt-on lock plate. Procedure for Wall Precast Concrete of Manhole -civil Raised objects include objects lifted by cranes, forklifts, hoists and jacks, or by hand. Handling, storing and transporting precast concrete elements includes: HSWA requires that workers handling precast concrete are adequately trained or supervised to carry out all required tasks. Is all lifting equipment certified and in good condition? confirmed if temporary on-site storage is needed? The advice in these guidelines will help to minimise the likelihood of these situations occurring. Overview A correspondent considers that there should always be an experienced temporary works designer for prefabricated concrete structures as many structural engineers do not consider the erection methodology when designing such structures. A competent person, such as a rigger, may alter the plan to suit the rigging available. (See Section 6.6 of these guidelines. What machinery, equipment and substances will the worker need to use? The design should consider all reasonably foreseeable physical conditions likely to be experienced during each phase of the process, such as: The design should ensure that the precast concrete element and associated rigging is capable of supporting the loads at all stages of the lift. Using inappropriate techniques when handling precast concrete elements (eg not using the right equipment for the job). dimensioned locations of braces or props and their cast-in components? identify hazards that could reasonably foreseeably create a risk to health and safety, eliminate the risk so far as is reasonably practicable; if it is not reasonably practicable to eliminate the risk, minimise the risk so far as is reasonably practicable by putting control measures in place, maintain the implemented control measures so they remain effective. other activities on-site when the precast concrete elements are being transported? WorkSafes guidance What events need to be notified? designated areas for loading, unloading, reversing, turning around? Failing to remove bolts is a common cause of lifting anchor failures. What weather conditions are expected during the project (eg seasonal changes)? The certificate should show: Some racks used for on-site storage can also be put on the back of trucks. elements do not move while they are being transported, each element is individually secured with a safety restraint to prevent it falling from the vehicle during unloading. Are there others who should be notified about the intended work activities? Check that locating dowels and levelling shims are in the correct place. 4. support points for storage and transportation. For all face-lifted tilt panels the true working radius of the crane may be up to 1.5 m more than the final position radius of the panel. influence of dynamic factors when lifting on-site? When wall panels are tall and narrow, they may need to be braced with twobraces perpendicular to their flat face and restrained by bracing in the otherorthogonal direction for stability. Workers must be given appropriate training, or be adequately supervised, to ensure they understand their roles and responsibilities. Watch for twist in wire ropes. Risks need to be controlled effectively even though harm may not be evident for months or years. 4.0 Hazard and Risk Analysis. Electrical current arcs when the crane comes close to power lines. There may be hazards at your workplace that are not identified in these tables. biological hazards (eg bacteria, viruses). Section 3 covers identification, assessment and management of work risks. Try to avoid direct concrete-to-concrete or concrete-to-steel bearing. Stack and store precast concrete elements correctly to avoid damage and distortion. A competent person should construct racks and frames, and complete annual certification requirements. Solutions: Follow established procedures for confined space entry and work to assure safety. Lower loads gently to avoid sudden impact. (See Section 10.5 of these guidelines.). The most effective risk control measure eliminating hazards is often cheaperand more practicable to achieve at the design or planning stage than managingrisks later in the lifecycle. Poor curing conditions (such as letting concrete dry out, or prolonged cold weather) can slow the strength gain of concrete. strength of the deadmen? Risks to health and safety arise from people being exposed to hazards (anything that can cause harm). uneven, unsecured or overloaded racks or support frames. Once the elements are loaded on the truck the driver should make sure they are well-secured to prevent movement during transit. a shared workplace (eg a building site), where more than one PCBU and its workers control and influence the work on the site. This is an example of a PCBU entering into a reasonable agreement with another PCBU to meet the duty to provide first aid to workers. A lower overall centre of gravity results in a more stable vehicle. If it is not reasonably practicableto eliminate a risk, the risk must be minimised so far as is reasonably practicable. a competent person should give approval before a precast concrete element is lifted. documents describing the site access and cranage, documents describing the rigging and lifting; special lifts may include rotation of precast elements and multiple crane lifts, documents describing the temporary supports, including propping, back propping, access and bracing. Information required for erection should be prepared by a competent person with specific training and experience in erection. In these guidelines, a competent person is a person who has the relevant knowledge, experience and skill to carry out a particular task using appropriate techniques and procedures, and: There are two parts to reasonably practicable: You need to achieve a result that provides the highest protection that is reasonably practicable in your circumstances, considering factors including: WorkSafes guidance Reasonably Practicable. If a risk cant be eliminated, it must be minimised so far as is reasonably practicable. A precast concrete element means any item made of precast concrete (including, for example, a beam, column, floor slab, wall panel, or cladding panel). 12Figures 29 and 30 reproduced with permission from Ancon. The hierarchy of controls in Figure 3 ranks control measures from most to least effective. Skills decline if they are not used regularly. Crushing underground cables, water, gas or sewage pipes during digging of foundations. (See NZTA Compliance in Section 9.5 of these guidelines.). If structural expansion anchors are used, the working load should be less than the clamping force provided by the anchor. A controller is the owner, lessee, sub-lessee, or bailee of a crane in a workplace (as defined in the PECPR Regulations). See Appendix J of these guidelines for an example. Lifting with mobile plant (such as an excavator or similar) where equipment is specifically exempt from the requirements of the PECPR Regulations 1999, subject to the conditions outlined in the New Zealand Gazette, No. Good practice guidelines offer advice they are not legally binding. The damage may not be obvious right away. The lift plan is usually developed by an engineer or similarly competent person, in conjunction with designs supplied by the precast manufacturer. A dynamic factor of a minimum of 1.2 may only be used for civil type products (such as pipes, manholes, catch pits, culverts and wing walls) when all the following four conditions are defined and clearly communicated by the designer, manufacturer or supplier of the precast concrete element(s): 3The dynamic factors above have been derived from dynamic factors defined in similar regulatory regimes. Whereverpossible, identify health and safety risks early and deal with them at the designstage. What potential risks may arise from other work being carried out on-site? Note that: Precast manufacturers should be aware of the hazards and risks of the stressing operation and have adequate control measures. If using a ladder install an expansion anchor in the floor slab that is capable of Ensure the rigging and lifting equipment available matches the particular requirements of each element. The concrete strength may be determined by crushing a sample of cylinders from the same mix, historical records, or impact hammer tests. Tilt panels may slide during the initial lift and sliding should be controlled. Unless specifically noted otherwise, all temporary propping should: Propping for beams should allow for possible changes to the load distributionduring the construction process. Are there adequate facilities for workers welfare (eg drinking water, toilets, and break facilities), Will the precast concrete element/s be subject to environmental loads such as earthquakes, wind, snow, or vehicle impact? Put a safe system of work in place before work starts. makes sure the appropriate concrete strength is achieved before demoulding and lifting, ensures all lifting anchors (including those with special designs) have been installed in accordance with the manufacturers installation instructions and in compliance with the approved shop drawings, determines and ensures safe lifting and handling of precast concrete elements in the precast yard. panel lifting. Sections 39 43 of HSWA specify the additional duties of PCBUs who: Structural designers, precast concrete manufacturers and erectors are all examples of upstream PCBUs. What is the nature and condition of the ground, surface or structure on which the precast concrete element will be erected? Additionally, the table below shows the recommended tolerances for location of lifting anchors cast into precast concrete elements. Training helps people working with precast concrete elements to gain the skills and knowledge they need to work safely. Bracing should be inspected and approved by a competent person beforework resumes. Sections 39 43 of HSWA are in the appendices of these guidelines. If possible use cast-in anchors. The PCBU organised a meeting with workers to remind them about the emergency plan including checking the reception area before evacuating the office. Development, production, testing, inspection and application of lifting anchors and lifting anchor systems should meet acceptably high and consistent standards to ensure that they are fit for purpose. The total height of each stack of levelling shims (that is, the distance between the panel and the footing) should be a maximum of 40 mm, unless specified by a competent person. The PCBU should investigate incidents and near misses to identify their causes and what needs to change to prevent them from happening again. Although the precast manufacturer knows how to lift and load precast concrete elements for transport from their own facility, requirements on a construction site may differ. Any variations or modifications to the erection sequence should be approved by a competent person. PCBUs can more effectively ensure healthy and safe work when everyone involved in the work: Appendix D summarises a PCBUs worker engagement and participation duties. when there is a chance of load reversal resulting from handling during transport or erection. the manufacturer must ensure that the precast concrete elements are without risks, by carrying out or arranging to have carried out any calculations, analysis, testing, or examination needed, the manufacturer must share the results (of any calculations, analysis, testing, or examination needed) with people who will use the elements.
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