It accelerates soil erosion, flooding, and drought. CIA (Central intelligence agency) World Factbook. However, the expected level was not achieved. According to the most recent studies, 842 million people or 12 percent of the world's population were unable to meet their . Despite the numerous challenges, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like the commercialization of fruit, vegetable, and ornamental plant productions. Arable land refers to the potential of land where its soil and climatic conditions are suitable for growing crops and rearing animals. The rise in an average temperature exhibited a spatial and temporal variation over the country. image: . Depressed commodity prices are the leading cause of this drop in exports. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. 36 likes 22,568 views. Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing agricultural challenges and prospects in Ethiopia based on the available literature. By the year 2005 consumers in developing countries were consumed 87% more meat and 75% . This particular sector determines the growth of all other sectors and consequently the whole national economy. International governments and organizations could support the country not only by the provision of credit and donation but also should make sure that the political and economic environment for permitting the intended goals. GFRA (Global Forest Resources Assessment). We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Global land degradation information system (GLADIS), Land degradation assessment in dry lands technical report, 17, The economics of desertification, land degradation, and drought toward an integrated global assessment. This made the farmers unable to withstand seasonal risks of crop failure or animal deaths that even worsen the problem and force them to live in continuous poverty and are hopeless. Current challenges facing the global food system. Therefore, improving the implementation of extension service in agronomic practices, afforestation, protection of livestock and crop plants, accessing financial support, and accessing time-based markets can improve the livelihood of the community (UNCTAD, 2017). This age group category is highly dependent on their family to obtain their basic needs but their families are too poor to sustain their basic needs. However, Ethiopia is almost rainfall-dependent as there are no practices of water harvesting technology (Ayalew, 2018). Science Business. FAO (2016) indicated that in Ethiopia the water flows along the Nile Basin, Rift valley, Shebelli-Juba, and the Northeast coast has the potential to irrigate about 5.7 million ha., but at present, about 2.7 million ha is utilized. It is reported that over the last 4050years, the mean annual temperature of Ethiopia increased from 0.2C to 0.28C per decade (McSweeney et al., 2010). (2020) reported that in Ethiopia, land fragmentation resulted in food insecurity and increased the amount of time spent moving from one parcel to another that lowered agricultural output and reduced productivity. Working and investing toward changing the behavior, attitudes, and beliefs of Ethiopians have become important in the future to boost agricultural production and productivity. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. In some places high salinity and sodicity/alkalinity levels coupled with poor drainage of the soils are at present resulting in quite a large area of productive lands being abandoned from cultivation. Perhaps, environmental degradation, climate change, and limited advanced agricultural technology tend to be affecting much more the older farmers than their younger, healthier, and better-educated counterparts. They farm on very small plots of fragmented land and often are used unsuitable primitive techniques that are not effective for their agro-ecological zones (Lebeda et al., 2010). 7 How much of Ethiopias land is under cultivation? Monkeys, apes, rodents (rats and mice), and birds (e.g., Quelea quelea) are also causing severe crop losses in Ethiopia. To evaluate the efficacy of some non-chemical control methods, Eucalyptus . Deforestation or forest degradation in Ethiopia takes a lead among the major problems that forest resources are encountered. Working together to achieve food security is becoming a requirement in the current era. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Improving irrigation technology like water harvesting technology is the best option to reduce water losses and improve water use efficiency from the soil-plant system. Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? Furthermore, low quality of education in terms of poor physical facilities, lack of well-trained teachers, and shortage of learning materials, exacerbate the problems of the educational system. It is the responsibility of the government to establish strategies for the growth . Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. Examples of major regular insect pests in Ethiopia. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". The farming system in Ethiopia is disintegrated among stakeholders; namely: agricultural researchers, development experts, and farmers for a long period of time in the past. Land degradation. At the same time, the net farm income per hectare is not responsive to the rising of constraints. Ethiopians have dominantly practiced a mixed agricultural activity. Ethiopia's economy is dependent on agriculture, which accounts for 40 percent of the GDP, 80 percent of exports, and an estimated 75 percent of the country's workforce. Monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall variability by Agro-ecological zones from 1979 to 2013, Table 5. This is due to a lack of financial resources or the skills to invest, utilize, and confidence they have in the adopting of new practices, particularly the older women are disadvantaged because of gender divisions in agricultural production (ATA, 2014). The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". It has also enjoyed a considerable attention by the government. A little modification has been made to bring internal transformation in the thinking and working habit of the people in the past century. 4. (2010). Environmental issues such as water pollution (as a result of agricultural and industrial runoffs, etc. This will improve the efficiency of food production, income, and environmental co-benefits (FAO, 2015). Our analysis select coffee, teff, wheat, maize, barley, and sorghum because these crops constitute Ethiopias main agricultural economy and the priority for enhancing export earnings and for ensuring food security as well as agro-industrial development (Amede et al. Ethiopia's development plan has laid out enhancing agricultural production and productivity as one of the major strategic pillars. The one who owns a large family and cattle received more. Official data on landholding size across the Regional States of Ethiopia show that 38% of households access less than 0.5hectares of land, 23.65% access between 0.51 and 1.0hectares, 24% between 1 and 2ha, and 14% have more than 2hectares of land (Diriba, 2020) (Tables 1 and 2). Table 4. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Nov. 13, 2009. Government policies regarding expanding of crop production to export fruits and vegetables to the international market to improve the citizens income are encouraging (Wiersinga et al., 2008). Ethiopia is a preferred destination for many investors and tourists because of the unique climatic conditions it possesses. Farmland fragmentation in Ethiopia. Most soils in the tropical region including Ethiopia are highly weathered and infertile due to lower organic matter content and open nutrient cycling systems. Not only will there be more mouths to feed, but as incomes grow in emerging and . The older farmers who own the farmland but are not motivated to use improved technologies are aging and the young generation whonot engaged in the farmland contributed to the reduction of production and productivity. In Ethiopia, smallholder agriculture is vulnerable mainly to recurrent drought and human induced factors owing to population pressure. Summary of the spatial variability of surface water in Ethiopia. This isconstrained by abiotic and biotic factors. Land constraints and agricultural intensification in Ethiopia: A village-level analysis of high-potential areas. Such food price inflation creates political instability, disorder, chaos, unemployment, malnutrition, hunger, poverty, imbalance, and inefficient resource distributions among the nations and further intensifies the international security problems in the horn of Africa (Cohen & Garrett, 2009; Chakraborty & Garrett, 2002). The annual rate of soil loss is higher than the annual rate of soil formation. Such degradations are done mainly for fuelwood and agricultural expansion (Birhanu 2014; Kassa et al. But increased input alone does not increase the food supply and staple crop yields, and thus farm income declines as population density increases. Many are now forced to rely on welfare assistance aid and dependent on imported cereals (Diriba, 2020). It increased by around 70% based on the current estimation backgrounds. These situations have resulted in the losses of resources, the rising tide of hunger and poverty. For instance, waterlogging is highly problematic in Vertisols of the highlands while salinity is in lowland areas of the country (Merga & Ahmed, 2019). Despite numerous challenges of agricultural activities, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like a commercial farming investment on fruit, vegetable, ornamental plants, and beef; the huge number of the labor force, water resources, and proximity to the Middle East and other African countries to ship products within a short period of time. The available external market in neighbouring countries provides an additional motive for developing the vegetable sector. The significant cost of power or electricity that is shouldering by our farmers are a big problem.. Mean level of fragmentation (Simpson index), across Woredas of Ethiopia. But there is a critical lack of comprehensive study on the extent of landlessness, its effects, and coping mechanisms in the country (Adugna, 2019). It also declines the levels of arable land availability (Campbell, 2011; Pender et al., 2006). Ethiopia is characterized by agricultural challenges and bright future prospects in the sector. Therefore, raising production levels and reducing their variability are essential aspects of improving food security in . The countryhas a huge labor force and water resources. In Ethiopia, more than 40% of the population is below the age of 15 (CIA (Central intelligence agency) World Factbook, 2019; https://www.indexmundi.com). Although important it was, in Ethiopia, academic workers have never been recognized as important developmental issues. On the other hand, the agricultural problems in the developed and developing countries like Ethiopia are not the same. More than 80% of the population lives in rural areas where farming (i.e. The urgency and complexity of the problem of lack of food self-sufficiency, the inefficiency of economic development forced the Ethiopia government to secure food at very high cost (FAO, 2011; USDA (United States Department of Agriculture), 2010). Ethiopia has no: Less than 21 soil types with varying physical and chemical features. ELPAA (Ethiopia Land Policy and Administration Assessment). Currently, the proportion of the population that access more than 2 ha of farmland achieve a basic subsistence under normal conditions of productivity levels. In Ethiopia, agriculture is started during the Neolithic revolution era, ten thousand years ago. (, Ethiopian seasonal rainfall variability and prediction using Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA), Recent experiences in land rental markets in Ethiopia: Impact on equity, efficiency and poverty, Land, land policy and smallholder agriculture in Ethiopia: Options and scenarios, Economics of land degradation and improvement in Ethiopia, The role of livestock in the Ethiopian2 Economy: Policy analysis using a dynamic computable general equilibrium model for Ethiopia. Cultivating effective. Notably, the variability is higher between July and September. Ethiopia is home to a large number of people living below the international poverty line, and although the economy is diversifying, farming is still the main source of income for many people. Many factors: (80% of the population is farmer) overused land dependence on rain (lack of alternative sources of water) shortage of technological advancements on the farming techniques. Deforestation is a contributor to global climate change, and is often cited as one of the major causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect [7]. For many low-income families, low harvests mean they do not have enough food and are unable to eat nutritious food on a regular basis. Non-Implementation of Government Policies. Globally, about 3.2 billion people are affected by land degradation (https://www.thegef.org/topics/land-degradation)(Figures 2 and 3). Five major cereals (teff, wheat, maize, sorghum, and barley) are the core of Ethiopias agriculture and food economy, accounting for about three-fourths of the total area cultivated, 29 percent of agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) in 2005/06 (14 percent of total GDP), and 64 percent of calories consumed (FAO . Desertification 3. Intensive Subsistence Farming (with or without Rice as a dominant crop): , Machinery including computers: US$1.7 billion (11.4% of total imports), Animal/vegetable fats, oils, waxes: $1.4 billion (9.1%), Mineral fuels including oil: $1.1 billion (7.1%), Electrical machinery, equipment: $1 billion (6.6%). Presented by Dr. Abera Deresa (State Minister, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) at the 'Dialogue on Ethiopia's Agricultural Development', 12 November 2015, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Deforestation impacts agriculture through natural disturbance, including biodiversity loss (Oljirra, 2019; Bishaw, 2009), damaged habitat, aridity, adverse soil erosion, degradation of wasteland, extinction of life, and displacement of populations (Culas, 2006). The northern part of Ethiopia is highly affected historically by drought/famine several times. Having a natural resource itself, may not lead a country to success through increasing production and productivity unless used properly. The pace of formal technology generation and adoption has been highly uneven. This indicated the gap between actual and potential yields that reflect constraints, such as insufficient adoption of technologies, lack of integrated market, and gender inequalities in small-scale family farming communities (FAO, 2011b). The percentage share of GDP by major economic sector in the year 2010/11 was 44.7 for agriculture, 10.5 for industry and 45.5 for the service sector but these figures changed to 38.5, 15.1 and 46.3% in the year 2014/15 in the same order of the sectors [9,10]. Based on this background, the state farmland provision for the farmer is more than 3045years and on average the current landowner is above 4850years of age at a minimum level. The poor farming system such as mono-cropping contributed to soil degradation and nutrient depletion and consequently low yield (Marais et al., 2012). Major destinations for Ethiopia's exports in 2017/2018 were: Asia 39.8% (of which China accounted for 22.3%), Europe 28.7% and Africa 20.9%. Ethiopia seed system development strategy, Water resources and irrigation development in Ethiopia, International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Theoretical and empirical review of Ethiopian water resource potentials, challenges and future development opportunities, Proxy global assessment of land degradation, review article, Challenges and potential of future agricultural development in Jordan: Role of education and entrepreneurship, Climate variability and farmers Perception in Southern Ethiopia, Projecting Ethiopian demographics from 20122050 using the spectrum suite of models, Livelihood options of landless households and land contracts in north-west Ethiopia, Policies and programs affecting land management practices, input use, and productivity in the highlands of Amhara region, Ethiopia, International Food Policy Research Institute, Surface water and groundwater resources of Ethiopia: Potentials and challenges of water resources development, Deforestation and land degradation in the Ethiopian Highlands: A strategy for physical recovery, Deforestation and land degradation in the Ethiopian highlands: A strategy for physical recovery, Policies to promote cereal intensification in Ethiopia: A review of evidence and experience, The Future Prospects for Global Arable Land, CSIRO Plant Industry, CRC Tropical Plant Protection, University of Queensland. This report also argued that the farmers are barely able to feed their families and contributed to further environmental deterioration. Key constraints to agricultural productivity in Ethiopia include low availability of improved or hybrid seed, lack of seed multiplication capacity, low profitability and efficiency of fertilizer use due to the lack of complimentary improved practices and seed, and lack of irrigation and water constraints. Recently, the Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. Registered in England & Wales No. This farming system is typically found in areas of higher elevations, usually above 2000 m but sometimes down to 1500 m of altitude. Ethiopia is relatively close to major export markets such as the Middle East and Europe, Djibouti and Somalia, and can benefit a lot from banana exports. The country has also ample opportunity in. The countries of the world are interconnected and a problem of a country obviously becomes a problem of the others in the interconnected world at present than ever. It is proximity to Middle East markets is valuable to transport fresh products within a short period of time to the needed destination. If critical issues are not addressed the food price inflation creates political instability, disorder, chaos, unemployment, malnutrition, hunger, poverty, imbalance, and inefficient resource distributions among the nations which may lead to migration. At that time, the criteria of the provision of farmland are based on the number of families and cattle. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Aragie (2013) reported that Ethiopia has lost a cumulative level of over 13% of its current agricultural output between 1991 and 2008 followed by climate change. Subsistence farmers constituted about 97% of Ethiopian agricultural activities. Shallot, garlic, potatoes and chillies are mainly produced under . MoFAN (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands). This is true in the case of Ethiopia, where the youngsters are more motivated to buy and use the innovated and improved agricultural technologies than older generations even in recent times. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Traditional farming systems and low production and productivity well express the current Ethiopian agriculture. It has also plenty of groundwater (Ayalew, 2018). ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute). It improves the drastic cuts in economy-wide and agricultural fossil fuel use by addressing climate change, prevent emerging transboundary agricultural threats like pests and natural hazards, which affects all ecosystems and every aspect of human life through International collaboration (FAO, 2017). If this has come to the fact, the proportion of energetic productive man is decreased and negatively impacts on world production and productivity due to their retirement. Question. USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). The study area was purposively selected, and a simple random sampling method was used to selected households' fatteners from each kebele and interviewed using structured questionnaires. This influenced the levels of income, opportunities, and ownership of assets. Generally the adverse consequences of global changes have the most significant effects on the poorest and most vulnerable, who historically have had limited entitlements and opportunities for growth. The above-raised problems contributed a picture of increased degradation of existing arable land, as well as difficulties with making new arable land in the future. How much of Ethiopias land is under cultivation? 4 Why agriculture is the backbone of Ethiopian economy? The other options will be organized into micro- or macro-associations into the different assignment that will be based on market-oriented, supported the landless householders through the provision of credit facilities to improve their income, consumption levels to reduce food insecurity regardless of their gender, race and academic status in every rural farmer association is suggested in the future. More than 85% of the Ethiopian land is degraded to various degrees (Gebreselassie et al., 2016). Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing the existing agricultural challenges and future prospects in the country. In the coming decades, ensuring food security for the Ethiopians will face great challenges. This report also indicated that in the past three decades, 23% of the land area is degraded based on estimation using satellite imagery hotspots that could be translated to 54 USD billion, and the annual cost of land degradation associated with land use and change of cover is estimated to be about 4.3 USD billion. Figure 2. )), Solms (Liliales: Pontederiaceae; mesquite, Prosopis juliflora (SW) DC (Fabacea) and parasitic weed (Crenata broomrape, Orobanche crenata Forskal on faba bean and witchweed, Striga hermonthica (Delil) Benth, Orobancheace) on sorghum are affecting the countrys economy (MoANR, 2016). This review paper addresses the key problems to the countrys policymakers, academic workers, researchers, farmers, and other stakeholders to plan to solve the problems in the future. Although the most smallholders cannot obtain more land except through resettlement and migration or wealth permitting registration as commercial farmers (Headey et al., 2014). They may forceto cut down the tree to make charcoal. Poverty is the number 1 problem in Ethiopia. Globally, it was forecasted that in the coming decades, the world is likely to be not only more populous and urban but also demographically older (FAO, 2017). World Journal of Agricultural sciences 6(4):412-418. To determine whether farmers consider termites as one of their problems in growing trees and practices they use to manage termites, short semi-structured questionnaires were distributed to farmers selected randomly. The population of Sub-Saharan Africa countries projected to be doubled by 2050 (increased by 99%) (UNDESA, 2015). These led to soil fertility depletion and crop productivity reduction in the country by different soil degradation agents. It does not store any personal data. The country intends to be a middle-income economy by 2025. In Ethiopia, the land is allocated to farmers by the state. It caused severe loss of fertile soil and disturbs the sustainability of land resources due to the low supply of organic matter (Gashaw et al., 2014; Taddese, 2001). Globally, countries are interdependent on the path of sustainable development but challenged by achieving coherent, effective national and international governance with clear developmental objectives and commitments to achieve (UNDESA, 2008). The majority of insect pests of economic importance in Ethiopia belong to the category of regular based on their occurrence as indicated in Table 9. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. It constitutes over 50% of the gross domestic product (GDP), accounts for over 85% of the labour force and earns over 90% of the foreign exchange [2]. It is also difficult to implement mechanize farms, inefficient to work on it to secure the families demand because the small farm size cultivated is yielded lower. Vertically coordinated, more organized food systems offer standardized food for urban areas and formal employment opportunities for both rural and urban areas. In Ethiopia, it is characterized by high-input and resource-intensive farming systems that harmoniously caused losses of important microorganisms, massive deforestation, freshwater scarcities, soil nutrient depletion, and high levels of greenhouse gas emissions and then hindered agricultural outputs (FAO, 2017). In addition, the country's agriculture highly depends on rain-fed. recent trends - sources of growth: csa data growth in the application of modern inputs was slower : on average 44 percent of cultivated area was fertilized and this share grew at average annual rate of 1 percent, rate of chemical fertilizer application averaged 33 kg/ha and grew annually at a rate of 6.8 percent, application of improved seed Let's start with the most obvious one. Overcoming these challenges is not an easy task. Nevertheless, arable land is an indispensable resource for Ethiopians to secure food and food self-sufficiency. For instance, foreign investment in Ethiopia . Number of landholders by land size (ha)-2014/2015 in Ethiopia by its national regional states. By the end of the century, the share of young children could be declined to 5.8%, while the proportion of older people may rise to 22.7% (UNDESA, 2015). Therefore, it requires taking critical actions to solve it. Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing the existing agricultural challenges and future prospects in the country. ), grain moths (Sitotroga cerealella), and bean bruchids (Acanthoscelides obtectus, Bruchus pisorum, and Zabrotes subfasciatus)], aphids, thrips, two-spotted spider mites (Tetranchus urticae), white mango scale insects (Aulacaspis tubercularis), etc. Do you need underlay for laminate flooring on concrete? Agriculture is the foundation of Ethiopia's economy. However, in contrast to this finding, Aragie (2013) reported that in the past four decades the annual temperature increased by 0.37C per decade. Of Ethiopias total land area of 1,221,480 square kilometers, the government estimated in the late 1980s that 15 percent was under cultivation and 51 percent was pasture. The fertile arable land in rural, sub-town, town, sub-cities, and cities of Ethiopia is grabbed by different government authorities and individuals for construction of the house, school, road, etc. ZEFdiscussion papers on development policy, The causes, consequences and remedies of deforestation in Ethiopia. Table 9. These policy regulations may include changing the current fragmented agricultural activities into unified mechanized farming systems as a strategic developmental plan. This particular sector determines the growth of all other sectors and consequently the whole national economy. Shortage of finance is one of the major problems facing small farmers. The lowlands are vulnerable to increased temperatures and prolonged droughts, while the highlands suffered from more intense and irregular rainfall. The technological input like synthetic chemical fertilizers has also increased the acidity of soil from time to time in high rainfall areas. It is located in the Horn of Africa, bordering six (6) countries: Djibouti and Somalia to the East, Eritrea to the North and Northeast, Kenya to the South and Sudan and South Sudan to the West. fLACK OF DEFINITE AGRICULTURE LAND USE POLICY At regional level it is on the will of the farmer to grow Ethiopia is rich in animal genetic resources, both in diversity and population. Key constraints to agricultural productivity in Ethiopia include low availability of improved or hybrid seed, lack of seed multiplication capacity, low profitability and efficiency of fertilizer use due to the lack of complimentary improved practices and seed, and lack of irrigation and water constraints. Across Ethiopia, nearly 9 million people are in need of food assistance. This will demand an additional billion tons of cereal grains and 200 million tons of meat to be produced annually (FAO, 2017). In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. Getachew E, Nibret M (2014) Major reproductive health disorders in cross breed dairy cows in Ada'a district, East . IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development). It also affects the natural ecosystem, soil organic carbon, and soil health which is estimated to reach 212 Gt by 2050 (UNCCD, 2019). 2 The main contributions, potentials, characteristics and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. The policies the government put down has a long way in expanding the agricultural sector in the country. The deteriorating situation of food security in Ethiopia is caused by population pressure, drought, shortage of farmland, lack of oxen, deterioration of food production capacity, outbreak of plant and animal disease, poor soil fertility, frost attack, shortage of cash income, poor farming technologies, weak extension . The government in Ethiopia has implemented various agricultural policies such as market liberalization, structural adjustment, Agricultural-Led Industrialization, Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Program, Participatory and Accelerated Sustainable Development to Eradicate Poverty and successive Growth and . Particularly, the GOE under the new administration has given renewed emphasis to develop the agriculture sector and ensure food security. Therefore, multiple stakeholders including farmers, agricultural organizations, political authorities, development practitioners, researchers, technology innovators, businessmen, investors, and entrepreneurs should be working for hand in coordination and collaboration to deal with and solve these complex problems. The increased population and landlessness of the subsequent farming generations led to unwise use of natural resources in general and forest in particular. 1 What are the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia? Variations and fluctuations in rainfall and temperature compromise, among others, the productive performances of the agricultural sector and make rural households at risk. People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. Why is it important to grow vegetables in Ethiopia? This is frequently partitioned up to 1991. Globally, the total degraded land area was estimated from a range of fewer than one billion hectares to over six billion hectares with the variation of its spatial distribution (Gibbs & Salmon, 2015) (Figures 2 and 3). Agriculture is particularly vulnerable to climate-related effects such as erratic rainfall in the semi-arid regions of northern Ethiopia. It began with the domestication of crops and animals. Expert Solution. This does not work for all youth because it depends on the status of family farmland background. on What are the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia? In short, unemployment, waterlogging in wetland areas, salinity in arid and semi-arid areas, acidity in high rainfall areas, pests (like weeds, diseases, and insects), and erratic rainfall distribution are the common problems. Effects of climate variability on development of wheat rust diseases (Puccinia spp.) Your email address will not be published. Rural aging has major implications on the rural labor force in patterns of agricultural production, land tenure, the social organization within communities, and socioeconomic development (FAO, 2017). A high density of termite mounds is common in the Maki-Batu area of the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Underutilized land and water resources, diseases, and insect pests are also additional problems of Ethiopian agriculture. By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. Some of the major environmental problems are as follows: 1. Furthermore, mitigating the variability of climate change helps the most vulnerable group of the society to stabilize farmers income during drought and poor output (Shekuru et al., 2020). ILRI. Therefore, increasing such activities will increase the country's income and food demand. A rural community settlement has another negative impact on the utilization of farmlands for mechanization. But this situation is exacerbated by man-made factors like deforestation, cultivation, or plowed vertical along a downslope direction that increases runoff and soil erosion (Bishaw, 2001). What is causing the plague in Thebes and how can it be fixed? Most of the Ethiopian farmers have farmland that is fragmented into two to three plots or parcels (Table 3). The future focus of the Ethiopian government and people will be investing in infrastructure including the promotion of water development technologies, especially investing in irrigation that provides an opportunity to improve the productivity of land and labor (Bekele et al., 2007). Agriculture in Ethiopia is mainly dependent on rainfed systems, and this dependency has put the majority of the Ethiopian population at the mercy of meteorological variability. The sector accounts for about 10% of Ethiopias export income, with leather and leather products making up 7.5% and live animals 3.1%. You are not required to obtain permission to reuse this article in part or whole. About 0.7% of the country is covered with natural water bodies or lakes (MoWR (Ministry of Water Resources), 2002) which is around 744, 400ha (IUCN (international union for conservation of nature), 2010), and the amount of water it holds is estimated to be 70 billion cubic meters. calzedonia customer service email, illinois central college women's basketball: roster, fabric blinds for sliding doors, sarah richardson wedding photos, jayco conquest motorhome problems, funny talent show scripts, siouxsie gillett biographie, is caprylyl glycol the same as propylene glycol, how to file homestead exemption in shelby county alabama, canton, ma newspaper obituaries, jupiter high school bell schedule 2022, caddisfly larvae in aquarium, multiple checkbox bootstrap, palm beach state college basketball roster, text,
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